香港中文大学张立教授团队 | 光固化3D打印刺激响应水凝胶在微型功能器件中的应用：最新研究进展与展望

上下滑动以阅览

1. MacDonald E, Wicker R (2016) Multiprocess 3D printing for increasing component functionality. Science 353(6037):1512. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2093

2. Flowers PF, Reyes C, Ye SR et al (2017) 3D printing electronic components and circuits with conductive thermoplastic filament. Addit Manuf 18:156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.10.002

3. Fantino E, Chiappone A, Roppolo I et al (2016) 3D printing of conductive complex structures with in situ generation of silver nanoparticles. Adv Mater 28(19):3712–3717. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201670132

4. Wallin TJ, Pikul J, Shepherd RF (2018) 3D printing of soft robotic systems. Nat Rev Mater 3(6):84–100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0002-2

5. Kim Y, Yuk H, Zhao RK et al (2018) Printing ferromagnetic domains for untethered fast-transforming soft materials. Nature 558(7709):274–279. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0185-0

6. Sachyani Keneth E, Kamyshny A, Totaro M et al (2021) 3D printing materials for soft robotics. Adv Mater 33(19):e2003387. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202003387

7. Godoi FC, Prakash S, Bhandari BR (2016) 3D printing technologies applied for food design: status and prospects. J Food Eng 179:44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.01.025

8. Vanderploeg A, Lee SE, Mamp M (2017) The application of 3D printing technology in the fashion industry. Int J Fashion Des Technol Educ 10(2):170–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2016.1223355

9. Everton SK, Hirsch M, Stravroulakis P et al (2016) Review of in-situ process monitoring and in-situ metrology for metal additive manufacturing. Mater Des 95:431–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.099

10. Quan HY, Zhang T, Xu H et al (2020) Photo-curing 3D printing technique and its challenges. Bioact Mater 5(1):110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.12.003

11. Yu C, Schimelman J, Wang P et al (2020) Photopolymerizable biomaterials and light-based 3D printing strategies for biomedical applications. Chem Rev 120(19):10695–10743. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00810

12. Layani M, Wang XF, Magdassi S (2018) Novel materials for 3D printing by photopolymerization. Adv Mater 30(41):e1706344. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706344

13. Blasco E, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C (2017) Photochemically driven polymeric network formation: synthesis and applications. Adv Mater 29(15):1604005. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604005

14. Bagheri A, Jin JY (2019) Photopolymerization in 3D printing. ACS Appl Polym Mater 1(4):593–611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.8b00165

15. Gauci SC, Vranic A, Blasco E et al (2023) Photochemically activated 3D printing inks: current status, challenges, and opportunities. Adv Mater 36(3):2306468. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202306468

16. Koetting MC, Peters JT, Steichen SD et al (2015) Stimulus-responsive hydrogels: theory, modern advances, and applications. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 93:1–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2015.04.001

17. Ding M, Jing L, Yang H et al (2020) Multifunctional soft machines based on stimuli-responsive hydrogels: from freestanding hydrogels to smart integrated systems. Mater Today Adv 8:100088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2020.100088

18. Ware TH, McConney ME, Wie JJ et al (2015) Voxelated liquid crystal elastomers. Science 347(6225):982–984. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261019

19. Liu MZ, Jin LS, Yang SS et al (2023) Shape morphing directed by spatially encoded, dually responsive liquid crystalline elastomer micro-actuators. Adv Mater 35(5):e2208613. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202208613

20. Hager MD, Bode S, Weber C et al (2015) Shape memory polymers: past, present and future developments. Prog Polym Sci 49–50:3–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.002

21. Ze QJ, Kuang X, Wu S et al (2020) Magnetic shape memory polymers with integrated multifunctional shape manipulation. Adv Mater 32(4):e1906657. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202070025

22. Xue X, Hu Y, Deng YH (2021) Recent advances in design of functional biocompatible hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Adv Funct Mater 31(19):2009432. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202009432

23. Caliari SR, Burdick JA (2016) A practical guide to hydrogels for cell culture. Nat Methods 13(5):405–414. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3839

24. Kocak G, Tuncer C, Butun V (2017) pH-responsive polymers. Polym Chem 8(1):144–176. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6py01872f

25. Erol O, Pantula A, Liu WQ et al (2019) Transformer hydrogels: a review. Adv Mater Technol 4(4):1900043. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900043

26. Xian SJ, Webber MJ (2020) Temperature-responsive supramolecular hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 8(40):9197–9211. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01814g

27. Brighenti R, Cosma MP (2022) Mechanics of multi-stimuli temperature-responsive hydrogels. J Mech Phys Solids 169:105045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2022.105045

28. Lee HP, Gaharwar AK (2020) Light-responsive inorganic biomaterials for biomedical applications. Adv Sci 7(17):2000863. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202000863

29. ter Schiphorst J, Saez J, Diamond D et al (2018) Light-responsive polymers for microfluidic applications. Lab Chip 18(5):699–709. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7lc01297g

30. Jiang Z, Tan ML, Taheri M et al (2020) Strong, self-healable, and recyclable visible-light-responsive hydrogel actuators. Angew Chem Int Ed 59(18):7049–7056. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201916058

31. Li ZG, Li YZ, Chen C et al (2021) Magnetic-responsive hydrogels: from strategic design to biomedical applications. J Contr Release 335:541–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.003

32. Araújo-Custódio S, Gomez-Florit M, Tomás AR et al (2019) Injectable and magnetic responsive hydrogels with bioinspired ordered structures. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 5(3):1392–1404. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01179

33. Caprioli M, Roppolo I, Chiappone A et al (2021) 3D-printed self-healing hydrogels via digital light processing. Nat Commun 12(1):2462. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22802-z

34. Ge G, Wang Q, Zhang YZ et al (2021) 3D printing of hydrogels for stretchable ionotronic devices. Adv Funct Mater 31(52):2107437. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202107437

35. Wang B, Handschuh-Wang S, Shen J et al (2023) Small-scale robotics with tailored wettability. Adv Mater 35(18):e2205732. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202205732

36. Wang B, Kostarelos K, Nelson BJ et al (2021) Trends in micro-/nanorobotics: materials development, actuation, localization, and system integration for biomedical applications. Adv Mater 33:e2002047. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002047

37. Wang QQ, Du XZ, Jin DD et al (2022) Real-time ultrasound Doppler tracking and autonomous navigation of a miniature helical robot for accelerating thrombolysis in dynamic blood flow. ACS Nano 16(1):604–616. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c07830

38. Wang QQ, Chan KF, Schweizer K et al (2022) Ultrasound Doppler-guided real-time navigation of a magnetic microswarm for active endovascular delivery. Sci Adv 7(9):eabe5914. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe5914

39. Dong Y, Wang L, Iacovacci V et al (2022) Magnetic helical micro-/nanomachines: recent progress and perspective. Matter 5(1):77–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2021.10.010

40. Yang LD, Zhang L (2021) Motion control in magnetic microrobotics: from individual and multiple robots to swarms. Annu Rev Contr Robot Auton Syst 4:509–534. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-032720-104318

41. Peyer KE, Zhang L, Nelson BJ (2013) Bio-inspired magnetic swimming microrobots for biomedical applications. Nanoscale 5(4):1259–1272. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr32554c

42. Lao ZX, Xia N, Wang SJ et al (2021) Tethered and untethered 3D microactuators fabricated by two-photon polymerization: a review. Micromachines 12(4):465. https://doi.org/10.3390/MI12040465

43. Hines L, Petersen K, Lum GZ et al (2017) Soft actuators for small-scale robotics. Adv Mater 29(13):1603483. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603483

44. Ma XM, Wang JW, Zhao LT et al (2023) Self-assembled microfiber-like biohydrogel for ultrasensitive whole-cell electrochemical biosensing in microdroplets. Anal Chem 95(5):2628–2632. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05155

45. Ligler FS, Gooding JJ (2019) Lighting up biosensors: now and the decade to come. Anal Chem 91(14):8732–8738. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00793

46. Yan YC, He Z, Yang ZB et al (2021) Soft magnetic skin for super-resolution tactile sensing with force self-decoupling. Sci Robot 6(51):eabc8801. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIROBOTICS.ABC8801

47. Arbabi A, Arbabi E, Kamali SM et al (2016) Miniature optical planar camera based on a wide-angle metasurface doublet corrected for monochromatic aberrations. Nat Commun 7(1):13682. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13682

48. Zou YC, Zhang W, Chau FS et al (2015) Miniature adjustable-focus endoscope with a solid electrically tunable lens. Opt Express 23(16):20582–20592. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.020582

49. Li R, Zhang C, Li JW et al (2022) Magnetically encoded 3D mesostructure with high-order shape morphing and high-frequency actuation. Natl Sci Rev 9(11):nwac163. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac163

50. Li MT, Tang YH, Soon RH et al (2022) Miniature coiled artificial muscle for wireless soft medical devices. Sci Adv 8(10):eabm5616. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm5616

51. Sitti M (2018) Miniature soft robots—road to the clinic. Nat Rev Mater 3(6):74–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0001-3

52. Jung YH, Chang TH, Zhang HL et al (2015) High-performance green flexible electronics based on biodegradable cellulose nanofibril paper. Nat Commun 6(1):7170. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8170

53. Schmid MD, Toulouse A, Thiele S et al (2022) 3D direct laser writing of highly absorptive photoresist for miniature optical apertures. Adv Funct Mater 33(39):2211159. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202211159

54. Luo XH, Hu YQ, Li X et al (2020) Integrated metasurfaces with microprints and helicity-multiplexed holograms for real-time optical encryption. Adv Opt Mater 8(8):1902020. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201902020

55. Wang Y, Shen J, Handschuh-Wang S et al (2023) Microrobots for targeted delivery and therapy in digestive system. ACS Nano 17(1):27–50. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c04716

56. Wu ZG, Li L, Yang YR et al (2019) A microrobotic system guided by photoacoustic computed tomography for targeted navigation in intestines in vivo. Sci Robot 4(32):eaax0613. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aax0613

57. Wang B, Chan KF, Yuan K et al (2021) Endoscopy-assisted magnetic navigation of biohybrid soft microrobots with rapid endoluminal delivery and imaging. Sci Robot 6:eabd2813. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abd2813

58. Jin DD, Wang QL, Chan KF et al (2023) Swarming self-adhesive microgels enabled aneurysm on-demand embolization in physiological blood flow. Sci Adv 9(19):eadf9278. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf9278

59. Go GJ, Yoo A, Nguyen KT et al (2022) Multifunctional microrobot with real-time visualization and magnetic resonance imaging for chemoembolization therapy of liver cancer. Sci Adv 8(46):eabq8545. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq8545

60. Villatoro J, Antonio-Lopez E, Schulzgen A et al (2017) Miniature multicore optical fiber vibration sensor. Opt Lett 42(10):2022–2025. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.42.002022

61. Ni JC, Liu SL, Wu D et al (2021) Gigantic vortical differential scattering as a monochromatic probe for multiscale chiral structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118(2):e2020055118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020055118

62. Liu SL, Ni JC, Zhang C et al (2022) Tailoring optical vortical dichroism with stereometamaterials. Laser Photon Rev 16(2):2100518. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202100518

63. Bártolo PJ (2011) Stereolithography: Materials, Processes and Applications. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92904-0

64. Book Google Scholar Melchels FPW, Feijen J, Grijpma DW (2010) A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials 31(24):6121–6130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.050

65. Zhao Z, Tian XX, Song XY (2020) Engineering materials with light: recent progress in digital light processing based 3D printing. J Mater Chem C 8(4):13896–13917. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tc03548c

66. Mu QY, Wang L, Dunn CK et al (2017) Digital light processing 3D printing of conductive complex structures. Addit Manuf 18:74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.08.011

67. Fang ZZ, Song HJ, Zhang Y et al (2020) Modular 4D printing via interfacial welding of digital light-controllable dynamic covalent polymer networks. Matter 2(5):1187–1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.01.014

68. Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N et al (2015) Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science 347(6228):1349–1352. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa2397

69. Janusziewicz R, Tumbleston JR, Quintanilla AL et al (2016) Layerless fabrication with continuous liquid interface production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113(42):11703–11708. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605271113

70. Kawata S, Sun HB, Tanaka T et al (2001) Finer features for functional microdevices. Nature 412(6848):697–698. https://doi.org/10.1038/35089130

71. Kelly BE, Bhattacharya I, Heidari H et al (2019) Volumetric additive manufacturing via tomographic reconstruction. Science 363(6431):1075–1079. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7114

72. Zakeri S, Vippola M, Levanen E (2020) A comprehensive review of the photopolymerization of ceramic resins used in stereolithography. Addit Manuf 35:101177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101177

73. Kim SH, Yeon YK, Lee JM et al (2018) Precisely printable and biocompatible silk fibroin bioink for digital light processing 3D printing. Nat Commun 9(1):1620. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03759-y

74. Dudley D, Duncan WM, Slaughter J (2003) Emerging digital micromirror device (DMD) applications. In: Urey H (Ed.), MOEMS Display and Imaging Systems, p.14–25. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.480761

75. Tiller B, Reid A, Zhu BT et al (2019) Piezoelectric microphone via a digital light processing 3D printing process. Mater Des 165:107593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107593

76. Zabidi AZ, Li SG, Felfel RM et al (2019) Computational mechanical characterization of geometrically transformed Schwarz P lattice tissue scaffolds fabricated via two photon polymerization (2PP). Addit Manuf 25:399–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.11.021

77. Zhou XQ, Hou YH, Lin JQ (2015) A review on the processing accuracy of two-photon polymerization. AIP Adv 5(3):030701. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4916886

78. Li L, Gattass RR, Gershgoren E et al (2009) Achieving λ/20 resolution by one-color initiation and deactivation of polymerization. Science 324(5929):910–913. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1168996

79. Geng Q, Wang DE, Chen PF et al (2019) Ultrafast multi-focus 3-D nano-fabrication based on two-photon polymerization. Nat Commun 10(1):2179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10249-2

80. Saha SK, Wang DE, Nguyen VH et al (2019) Scalable submicrometer additive manufacturing. Science 366(6461):105–109. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax8760

81. Ni JC, Wang CW, Zhang CC et al (2017) Three-dimensional chiral microstructures fabricated by structured optical vortices in isotropic material. Light Sci Appl 6(7):e17011. https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2017.11

82. Madrid-Wolff J, Boniface A, Loterie D et al (2022) Controlling light in scattering materials for volumetric additive manufacturing. Adv Sci 9(22):2105144. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105144

83. Xie MB, Lian LM, Mu X et al (2023) Volumetric additive manufacturing of pristine silk-based (bio)inks. Nat Commun 14(1):210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-35807-7

84. Regehly M, Garmshausen Y, Reuter M et al (2020) Xolography for linear volumetric 3D printing. Nature 588(7839):620–624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-3029-7

85. Bao YY, Paunovic N, Leroux JC (2022) Challenges and opportunities in 3D printing of biodegradable medical devices by emerging photopolymerization techniques. Adv Funct Mater 32(15):2109864. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202109864

86. Liu XY, Liu J, Lin ST et al (2020) Hydrogel machines. Mater Today 36:102–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.12.026

87. Lee YW, Ceylan H, Yasa IC et al (2021) 3D-printed multi-stimuli-responsive mobile micromachines. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13(11):12759–12766. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c18221

88. Traugutt NA, Mistry D, Luo CQ et al (2020) Liquid-crystal-elastomer-based dissipative structures by digital light processing 3D printing. Adv Mater 32(28):2000797. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202000797

89. Li S, Bai HD, Liu Z et al (2021) Digital light processing of liquid crystal elastomers for self-sensing artificial muscles. Sci Adv 7(30):eabg3677. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3677

90. Zhang B, Li HG, Cheng JX et al (2021) Mechanically robust and UV-curable shape-memory polymers for digital light processing based 4D printing. Adv Mater 33(27):2101298. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202170210

91. Ge Q, Sakhaei AH, Lee H et al (2016) Multimaterial 4D printing with tailorable shape memory polymers. Sci Rep 6(1):31110. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31110

92. Lee Y, Song WJ, Sun JY (2020) Hydrogel soft robotics. Mater Today Phys 15:100258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2020.100258

93. Hu LX, Chee PL, Sugiarto S et al (2023) Hydrogel-based flexible electronics. Adv Mater 35(14):2205326. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202205326

94. Lin ST, Yuk H, Zhang T et al (2016) Stretchable hydrogel electronics and devices. Adv Mater 28(22):4497–4505. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504152

95. Guimarães CF, Ahmed R, Marques AP et al (2021) Engineering hydrogel-based biomedical photonics: design, fabrication, and applications. Adv Mater 33(23):2006582. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202006582

96. Kim J, Nayak S, Lyon LA (2005) Bioresponsive hydrogel microlenses. J Am Chem Soc 127(26):9588–9592. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0519076

97. Zhang XN, Zheng Q, Wu ZL (2022) Recent advances in 3D printing of tough hydrogels: a review. Compos B Eng 238:109895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109895

98. Zhao DH, Liu YD, Liu BH et al (2021) 3D printing method for tough multifunctional particle-based double-network hydrogels. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13(11):13714–13723. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c01413

99. Zhang BL, Li SY, Hingorani H et al (2018) Highly stretchable hydrogels for UV curing based high-resolution multimaterial 3D printing. J Mater Chem B 6(20):3246–3253. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb00673c

100. Xu ZY, Fan CC, Zhang Q et al (2021) A self-thickening and self-strengthening strategy for 3D printing high-strength and antiswelling supramolecular polymer hydrogels as meniscus substitutes. Adv Funct Mater 31(18):2100462. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100462

101. Dong M, Han Y, Hao XP et al (2022) Digital light processing 3D printing of tough supramolecular hydrogels with sophisticated architectures as impact-absorption elements. Adv Mater 34(34):2204333. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202204333

102. Jin YF, Liu CC, Chai WX et al (2017) Self-supporting nanoclay as internal scaffold material for direct printing of soft hydrogel composite structures in air. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(20):17457–17466. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03613

103. Xing HZ, He XN, Wang YJ et al (2023) Strong, tough, fatigue-resistant and 3D-printable hydrogel composites reinforced by aramid nanofibers. Mater Today 68:84–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2023.07.020

104. Bozuyuk U, Yasa O, Yasa IC et al (2018) Light-triggered drug release from 3D-printed magnetic chitosan microswimmers. ACS Nano 12(9):9617–9625. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b05997

105. Yasa IC, Tabak AF, Yasa O et al (2019) 3D-printed microrobotic transporters with recapitulated stem cell niche for programmable and active cell delivery. Adv Funct Mater 29(17):1808992. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808992

106. Zhao ZA, Kuang X, Yuan C et al (2018) Hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite shape-shifting structures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(23):19932–19939. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b02444

107. Huang LM, Jiang RQ, Wu JJ et al (2017) Ultrafast digital printing toward 4D shape changing materials. Adv Mater 29(7):1605390. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201605390

108. Maldonado N, Vegas VG, Halevi O et al (2019) 3D printing of a thermo- and solvatochromic composite material based on a Cu(II)–thymine coordination polymer with moisture sensing capabilities. Adv Funct Mater 29(15):1808424. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808424

109. Hu Y, Wang ZY, Jin DD et al (2020) Botanical-inspired 4D printing of hydrogel at the microscale. Adv Funct Mater 30(4):1907377. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201907377

110. Jin DD, Chen QY, Huang TY et al (2020) Four-dimensional direct laser writing of reconfigurable compound micromachines. Mater Today 32:19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.06.002

111. Xin C, Jin DD, Hu YL et al (2021) Environmentally adaptive shape-morphing microrobots for localized cancer cell treatment. ACS Nano 15(11):18048–18059. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c06651

112. Liu BR, Dong B, Xin C et al (2023) 4D direct laser writing of submerged structural colors at the microscale. Small 19(2):e2204630. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202204630

113. Zhang LR, Liu BR, Wang CW et al (2022) Functional shape-morphing microarchitectures fabricated by dynamic holographically shifted femtosecond multifoci. Nano Lett 22(13):5277–5286. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01178

114. Yin MJ, Yao M, Gao SR et al (2016) Rapid 3D patterning of poly(acrylic acid) ionic hydrogel for miniature pH sensors. Adv Mater 28(7):1394–1399. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504021

115. Ma ZC, Zhang YL, Han B et al (2020) Femtosecond laser programmed artificial musculoskeletal systems. Nat Commun 11(1):4536. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18117-0

116. Sun YL, Dong WF, Yang RZ et al (2012) Dynamically tunable protein microlenses. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(7):1558–1562. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201105925

117. Ma ZC, Hu XY, Zhang YL et al (2019) Smart compound eyes enable tunable imaging. Adv Funct Mater 29(38):1903340. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903340

118. Ceylan H, Dogan NO, Yasa IC et al (2021) 3D printed personalized magnetic micromachines from patient blood–derived biomaterials. Sci Adv 7(36):eabh0273. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh0273

119. Han D, Lu ZC, Chester SA et al (2018) Micro 3D printing of a temperature-responsive hydrogel using projection micro-stereolithography. Sci Rep 8(1):1963. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20385-2

120. Ji ZY, Yan CY, Yu B et al (2019) 3D printing of hydrogel architectures with complex and controllable shape deformation. Adv Mater Technol 4(4):1800713. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800713

121. Shiblee MNI, Ahmed K, Kawakami M (2019) 4D printing of shape-memory hydrogels for soft-robotic functions. Adv Mater Technol 4(8):1900071. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900071

122. Hippler M, Blasco E, Qu JY et al (2019) Controlling the shape of 3D microstructures by temperature and light. Nat Commun 10(1):232. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08175-w

123. Mishra AK, Wallin TJ, Pan WY et al (2020) Autonomic perspiration in 3D-printed hydrogel actuators. Sci Robot 5(38):eaaz3918. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aaz3918

124. Zhan ZH, Chen L, Duan HG et al (2021) 3D printed ultra-fast photothermal responsive shape memory hydrogel for microrobots. Int J Extreme Manuf 4(1):015302. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ac376b

125. Deng CS, Liu YC, Fan XH et al (2023) Femtosecond laser 4D printing of light-driven intelligent micromachines. Adv Funct Mater 33(11):2211473. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202211473

126. Xin C, Ren ZG, Zhang LR et al (2023) Light-triggered multi-joint microactuator fabricated by two-in-one femtosecond laser writing. Nat Commun 14(1):4273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40038-x

127. Xu TQ, Zhang JC, Salehizadeh M et al (2019) Millimeter-scale flexible robots with programmable three-dimensional magnetization and motions. Sci Robot 4(29):eaav4494. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aav4494

128. Zhu W, Li JX, Leong YJ et al (2015) 3D-printed artificial microfish. Adv Mater 27(30):4411–4417. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501372

129. Dong M, Wang XP, Chen XZ et al (2020) 3D-printed soft magnetoelectric microswimmers for delivery and differentiation of neuron-like cells. Adv Funct Mater 30(17):1910323. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910323

130. Hu XH, Yasa IC, Ren ZY et al (2021) Magnetic soft micromachines made of linked microactuator networks. Sci Adv 7(23):abe8436. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe8436

131. Li JY, Li XJ, Luo T et al (2018) Development of a magnetic microrobot for carrying and delivering targeted cells. Sci Robot 3(19):eaat8829. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aat8829

132. Han D, Farino C, Yang C et al (2018) Soft robotic manipulation and locomotion with a 3D printed electroactive hydrogel. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(21):17512–17518. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04250

133. Thakur T, Xavier JR, Cross L et al (2016) Photocrosslinkable and elastomeric hydrogels for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 104(4):879–888. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35621

134. Ni CJ, Chen D, Yin Y et al (2023) Shape memory polymer with programmable recovery onset. Nature 622(7984):748–753. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06520-8

135. Zeng Y, Liu KL, Ding HB et al (2023) Direct laser writing photonic crystal hydrogels with a supramolecular sacrificial scaffold. Small 20(3):e2306524. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202306524

136. Hippler M, Weißenbruch K, Richler K et al (2020) Mechanical stimulation of single cells by reversible host-guest interactions in 3D microscaffolds. Sci Adv 6(39):eabc2648. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc2648

137. Kaehr B, Shear JB (2008) Multiphoton fabrication of chemically responsive protein hydrogels for microactuation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(26):8850–8854. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709571105

138. Deng W, Yamaguchi H, Takashima Y et al (2007) A chemical-responsive supramolecular hydrogel from modified cyclodextrins. Angew Chem Int Ed 119(27):5236–5239. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200701272

139. Wen X, Zhang Y, Chen D et al (2022) Reversible shape-shifting of an ionic strength responsive hydrogel enabled by programmable network anisotropy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 14(35):40344–40350. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c11693

140. Xiong Z, Zheng ML, Dong XZ et al (2011) Asymmetric microstructure of hydrogel: two-photon microfabrication and stimuli-responsive behavior. Soft Matter 7(21):10353–10359. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1sm06137b

141. Huang TY, Huang HW, Jin DD et al (2020) Four-dimensional micro-building blocks. Sci Adv 6(3):8219. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav8219

142. Wang JY, Jin F, Dong XZ et al (2023) Dual-stimuli cooperative responsive hydrogel microactuators via two-photon lithography. Small 19(40):e2303166. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202303166

143. Chen QY, Lv PY, Huang TY et al (2020) Encoding smart microjoints for microcrawlers with enhanced locomotion. Adv Intell Syst 2(3):1900128. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900128

144. Dai S, Ravi P, Tam KC (2008) pH-responsive polymers: synthesis, properties and applications. Soft Matter 4(3):435–449. https://doi.org/10.1039/b714741d

145. Li H, Go G, Ko SY et al (2016) Magnetic actuated pH-responsive hydrogel-based soft micro-robot for targeted drug delivery. Smart Mater Struct 25(2):27001–27009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/2/027001

146. Guan Y, Zhang YJ (2011) PNIPAM microgels for biomedical applications: from dispersed particles to 3D assemblies. Soft Matter 7(14):6375–6384. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0sm01541e

147. Furyk S, Zhang YJ, Ortiz-Acosta D et al (2006) Effects of end group polarity and molecular weight on the lower critical solution temperature of poly(n-isopropylacrylamide). J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 44(4):1492–1501. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.21256

148. Haq MA, Su YL, Wang DJ (2017) Mechanical properties of PNIPAM based hydrogels: a review. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 70(Pt1):842–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.081

149. Roppolo I, Chiappone A, Angelini A et al (2017) 3D printable light-responsive polymers. Mater Horiz 4(3):396–401. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7mh00072c

150. Weis P, Wu S (2018) Light-switchable azobenzene-containing macromolecules: from UV to near infrared. Macromol Rapid Comm 39(1):1700220. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201700220

151. Nishiguchi A, Zhang H, Schweizerhof S et al (2020) 4D printing of a light-driven soft actuator with programmed printing density. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(10):12176–12185. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c02781

152. Austria HFM, Subrahmanya TM, Owen S et al (2021) A review on the recent advancements in graphene-based membranes and their applications as stimuli-responsive separation materials. J Mater Chem A 9(38):21510–21531. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA04882A

153. Zhang H, Koens L, Lauga E et al (2019) A light-driven microgel rotor. Small 15(46):1903379. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201903379

154. Wang ZJ, Li CY, Zhao XY et al (2019) Thermo- and photo-responsive composite hydrogels with programmed deformations. J Mater Chem B 7(10):1674–1678. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb02896f

155. Yang ZX, Li Z (2020) Magnetic actuation systems for miniature robots: a review. Adv Intell Syst 2(9):2000082. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000082

156. Yu JF, Wang B, Du XZ et al (2018) Ultra-extensible ribbon-like magnetic microswarm. Nat Commun 9:3260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05749-6

157. Jin DD, Zhang L (2022) Collective behaviors of magnetic active matter: recent progress toward reconfigurable, adaptive, and multifunctional swarming micro/nanorobots. Acc Chem Res 55(1):98–109. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00619

158. Xin C, Jin DD, Li R et al (2022) Rapid and multimaterial 4D printing of shape-morphing micromachines for narrow micronetworks traversing. Small 18(37):2202272. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202202272

159. Lantean S, Barrera G, Pirri CF et al (2019) 3D printing of magnetoresponsive polymeric materials with tunable mechanical and magnetic properties by digital light processing. Adv Mater Technol 4(11):1900505. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900505

160. Sun MM, Hao B, Yang SH et al (2022) Exploiting ferrofluidic wetting for miniature soft machines. Nat Commun 13:7919. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35646-y

161. Yang LD, Yu JF, Yang SH et al (2022) A survey on swarm microrobotics. IEEE Trans Robot 38(3):1531–1551. https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2021.3111788

162. Sun MM, Chan KF, Zhang ZF et al (2022) Magnetic microswarm and fluoroscopy-guided platform for biofilm eradication in biliary stents. Adv Mater 34(34):e2201888. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202201888

163. Tottori S, Zhang L, Qiu FM et al (2012) Magnetic helical micromachines: fabrication, controlled swimming, and cargo transport. Adv Mater 24(6):811–816. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103818

164. Zhou HJ, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Pane S et al (2021) Magnetically driven micro and nanorobots. Chem Rev 121(8):4999–5041. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01234

165. Xin C, Yang L, Li JW et al (2019) Conical hollow microhelices with superior swimming capabilities for targeted cargo delivery. Adv Mater 31(25):e1808226. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201808226

166. Guo R, Sun XY, Yuan B et al (2019) Magnetic liquid metal (Fe-EGaIn) based multifunctional electronics for remote self-healing materials, degradable electronics, and thermal transfer printing. Adv Sci 6(20):1901478. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901478

167. Melzer M, Mönch JI, Makarov D et al (2015) Wearable magnetic field sensors for flexible electronics. Adv Mater 27(7):1274–1280. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405027

168. Dong Y, Wang L, Zhang ZF et al (2022) Endoscope-assisted magnetic helical micromachine delivery for biofilm eradication in tympanostomy tube. Sci Adv 8(40):eabq8573. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq8573

169. Ji SC, Li XY, Chen QY et al (2021) Enhanced locomotion of shape morphing microrobots by surface coating. Adv Intell Syst 3(7):2000270. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000270

170. Li C, Lau GC, Yuan H et al (2020) Fast and programmable locomotion of hydrogel-metal hybrids under light and magnetic fields. Sci Robot 5(49):abb9822. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abb9822

171. Dong Y, Wang L, Xia N et al (2022) Untethered small-scale magnetic soft robot with programmable magnetization and integrated multifunctional modules. Sci Adv 8(25):eabn8932. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn8932

172. Xia N, Jin DD, Pan CF et al (2022) Dynamic morphological transformations in soft architected materials via buckling instability encoded heterogeneous magnetization. Nat Commun 13(1):7514. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35212-6

173. Xia N, Jin BW, Jin DD et al (2022) Decoupling and reprogramming the wiggling motion of midge larvae using a soft robotic platform. Adv Mater 34(17):e2109126. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202109126

174. Peters C, Hoop M, Pane S et al (2016) Degradable magnetic composites for minimally invasive interventions: device fabrication, targeted drug delivery, and cytotoxicity tests. Adv Mater 28(3):533–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503112

175. Shi ZJ, Zhao WW, Li SX et al (2017) Self-powered hydrogels induced by ion transport. Nanoscale 9(43):17080–17090. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02962d

176. Yang C, Wang W, Yao C et al (2015) Hydrogel walkers with electro-driven motility for cargo transport. Sci Rep 5(1):13622. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13622

177. Distler T, Boccaccini AR (2020) 3D printing of electrically conductive hydrogels for tissue engineering and biosensors—a review. Acta Biomater 101:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.044

178. Cvetkovic C, Raman R, Chan V et al (2014) Three-dimensionally printed biological machines powered by skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:10125–10130. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1401577111

179. Gelmi A, Schutt CE (2021) Stimuli-responsive biomaterials: scaffolds for stem cell control. Adv Healthc Mater 10(1):2001125. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202001125

180. Clough JM, Weder C, Schrettl S (2021) Mechanochromism in structurally colored polymeric materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 42(1):e2000528. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.202000528

181. Arsenault AC, Clark TJ, Von Freymann G et al (2006) From colour fingerprinting to the control of photoluminescence in elastic photonic crystals. Nat Mater 5(3):179–184. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1588

182. Rajabasadi F, Moreno S, Fichna K et al (2022) Multifunctional 4D-printed sperm-hybrid microcarriers for assisted reproduction. Adv Mater 34(50):e2204257. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202204257

183. Magdanz V, Guix M, Hebenstreit F et al (2016) Dynamic polymeric microtubes for the remote-controlled capture, guidance, and release of sperm cells. Adv Mater 28(21):4084–4089. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505487

184. Li R, Jin DD, Pan D et al (2020) Stimuli-responsive actuator fabricated by dynamic asymmetric femtosecond Bessel beam for in situ particle and cell manipulation. ACS Nano 14(5):5233–5242. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c00381

185. Goudu SR, Yasa IC, Hu XH et al (2020) Biodegradable untethered magnetic hydrogel milli-grippers. Adv Funct Mater 30(50):2004975. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202004975

186. Zhang YL, Tian Y, Wang H et al (2019) Dual-3D femtosecond laser nanofabrication enables dynamic actuation. ACS Nano 13(4):4041–4048. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b08200

187. Yasa IC, Ceylan H, Bozuyuk U et al (2020) Elucidating the interaction dynamics between microswimmer body and immune system for medical microrobots. Sci Robot 5(43):eaaz3867. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aaz3867

188. Sun BA, Sun MM, Zhang ZF et al (2023) Magnetic hydrogel micromachines with active release of antibacterial agent for biofilm eradication. Adv Intell Syst 6(2):2300092. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300092

189. Wang XP, Qin XH, Hu CZ et al (2018) 3D printed enzymatically biodegradable soft helical microswimmers. Adv Funct Mater 28(45):1804107. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201804107

190. Yan XH, Zhou Q, Vincent M et al (2017) Multifunctional biohybrid magnetite microrobots for imaging-guided therapy. Sci Robot 2(12):eaaq1155. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aaq1155

191. Shao JX, Abdelghani M, Shen GZ et al (2018) Erythrocyte membrane modified Janus polymeric motors for thrombus therapy. ACS Nano 12(5):4877–4885. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b01772

192. Chen SX, Tan ZW, Liao P et al (2023) Biodegradable microrobots for DNA vaccine delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 12(21):e2202921. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202202921

193. Sun J, Zhou SB, Hou P et al (2007) Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible Fe3O4 nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res 80A(2):333–341. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30909

194. Kobayashi K, Yoon C, Oh SH et al (2019) Biodegradable thermomagnetically responsive soft untethered grippers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(1):151–159. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b15646

195. Gugulothu SB, Chatterjee K (2023) Visible light-based 4D-bioprinted tissue scaffold. ACS Macro Lett 12(4):494–502. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00036

196. Ding AX, Sang JL, Ayyagari S et al (2022) 4D biofabrication via instantly generated graded hydrogel scaffolds. Bioact Mater 7(1):324–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.021