From VOA Learning English, this is the Education Report.这里是VOA慢速英语教育报道。 Today we continue our series of expert suggestions for academic writing.今天，我们继续为学术写作提供一系列专家建议。 Our guest is Jennifer Ahern-Dodson, assistant professor of the Practice in Writing Studies at Duke University in North Carolina.我们的嘉宾是北卡罗来纳州杜克大学写作研究实践助理教授詹妮弗·埃亨-多德森。 Ms. Ahern-Dodson starts a conversation with both students and professors planning to write a paper or essay.埃亨-多德森女士开始与计划撰写论文或论文的学生和教授对话。 She asks about their earlier writing experiences.她询问他们早期的写作经历。 Were they negative or positive?他们是消极的还是积极的？ She advises that you are not alone if you have had problems with your writing.她建议，如果你在写作方面遇到问题，你并不孤单。 She says everyone struggles with writing.她说每个人都在写作方面遇到困难。 "Writing is hard. All writers struggle at some point.“写作很难。所有作家都会在某个时候挣扎。 And even if writing has come easily for you, at some point in your work as a student, that eventually you're going to hit a roadblock.即使写作对你来说很容易，但在你作为学生工作的某个时刻，最终你也会遇到障碍。 And so part of what I like to get folks thinking about is -- besides writing's hard for everybody – is to really take a moment to think about their past writing experiences.所以我想让人们思考的一部分是——除了写作对每个人来说都很难——花点时间想想他们过去的写作经历。 And when the writing is going well, what was happening?当写作进展顺利时，发生了什么？ When the writing wasn't going well, what was happening?"当写作进展不顺利时，会发生什么？” She says most people's negative writing experiences happened because a very specific formula is required for a paper including an exact length.她说，大多数人的负面写作经历之所以发生，是因为一篇论文需要一个非常具体的格式，包括一个确切的长度。 "And so they primarily focus on, and worry about, what the final product has to look like, like how many pages for a research essay?“所以他们主要关注和担心的是，最终的成品应该是什么样子，比如一篇研究论文有多少页？ Or if it is in the second or third language, you know, punctuation and grammar, like whether it gets communicated in the right language."或者如果是用第二或第三种语言，你知道，标点和语法，比如是否用正确的语言交流。” "And so focusing on the end makes it really hard to get started."“所以专注于结果会让你很难开始。” Another problem can arise when the need to do well on a paper is extremely important.当论文做好的必要性极其重要时，可能会出现另一个问题。 "…like a timed essay exam, or a college application essay, or a research paper that is at the end of the semester, and it's tied to the entire grade for the class.“比如定时论文考试，或者大学申请论文，或者学期末的研究论文，它与整个班级的成绩挂钩。 So worrying about what will happen if they don't do well – get bad grades, don't get into college -- creates, of course, significant anxiety.因此，担心如果他们表现不好会发生什么——成绩不好，上不了大学——当然会产生严重的焦虑。 And that can make it harder to get the writing done."这可能会使完成写作变得更加困难。” Then she and the people she's helping move to more positive projects.然后她和她帮助的人转向更积极的项目。 She says usually when writing comes easily, the writers feel they have something important to say.她说，通常当写作很容易时，作者会觉得他们有重要的东西要说。 The teacher advises asking yourself questions.老师建议自己问问题。 What personal understanding of the subject can you bring to your paper?你对这个主题有什么个人的理解? Why is this subject important?为什么这个主题很重要？ For whom is it meaningful?对谁来说有意义？ Who will be reading it?读者是谁？ "…Think about who your audience is, and what it is that you really want to say to them.“想想你的受众是谁，你真正想对他们说的是什么。 And what that can do is help you switch from the final product and what it can look like (to) really more on what you have to offer, your particular perspective."这样做可以帮助你从最终成品和它的样子切换到真正更多的你所提供的，你的特殊观点。” She says that is an important change for all writers.她说这对所有作家来说都是一个重要的变化。 And that's the VOA Learning English Education Report.以上就是本期VOA慢速英语教育报道。 Coming soon: Jennifer Ahern-Dodson talks about doing research, sitting down to write and sharing your writing with others.即将推出：詹妮弗·埃亨-多德森谈论做研究、坐下来写作以及与他人分享你的写作。 I'm Jeri Watson.杰里·沃森为您播报。
