【引用本文】胡淼淼,张盼,许英杰,孙文.选择性血管内脑冷却在大血管闭塞性急性缺血性卒中患者中的应用进展[J].临床内科杂志,2024,41(5):312-315.
【作者】胡淼淼 张盼 许英杰 孙文
【作者单位】230036 合肥,中国科学技术大学附属第一医院(安徽省立医院)神经内科
【基金项目】安徽省重点研发项目人口健康专项(202104j07020049);合肥综合性国家科学中心先导医学与前沿技术研究所重点项目(2023IHM01050)
【关键词】血管内卒中治疗; 缺血性卒中; 低温治疗; 选择性血管内脑冷却; 神经保护
摘要
急性缺血性卒中(AIS)是造成中枢神经系统损伤及后续神经功能缺损的主要疾病之一,随着人口老龄化的加重,其对人类健康构成了日益严重的威胁,大血管闭塞性急性缺血性卒中(LVO-AIS)是AIS的一种主要类型,约占整体的40%。近年来,包括静脉溶栓、动脉内血栓切除术或两者联合进行的再灌注治疗已被证明能够有效的改善临床预后,但仍有绝大多数患者不能达到完全康复。因此,迫切需要更多的辅助处理方式用以改善LVO-AIS患者的临床结局。选择性血管内脑冷却(SEBC)被认为是一种有前景的辅助治疗方法,既往发表的相关临床试验证实了这种治疗方式的可行性和安全性,但具体疗效尚不明确。本文就SEBC治疗在LVO-AIS的研究进展展开综述。
急性缺血性卒中(AIS)对人类健康构成了日益普遍的威胁,大血管闭塞AIS(LVO-AIS)是其中的一种亚型,约占所有AIS的40%[1-2]。近年来,多项随机临床试验结果证实血管内治疗(EVT)在LVO-AIS中的有效性和安全性,其成功再通率可达66%~94%。然而,只有约46%接受EVT的患者在90天后预后良好,约15%的患者死亡[3-5]。因此,亟需辅助治疗方式提高LVO-AIS患者的临床预后。亚低温治疗(TH)的神经保护作用已在心脏骤停和新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病复苏后的研究中得到了证实,但是在LVO-AIS患者中的有效性和安全性尚不明确[6-8]。近年来,低温已被证明对缺血性损伤具有保护作用,但全身性低温治疗的应用受到降温速度慢和临床并发症较多等一系列限制。选择性血管内脑冷却(SEBC)为AIS的神经保护开辟了一条新途径,有可能最大限度地提高局部效益,同时最大限度地减少对全身的影响。本文就SEBC在LVO-AIS中的作用机制、临床前与临床疗效、发展前景与挑战等方面展开综述,以期为临床提供参考。
SEBC治疗LVO-AIS的优点是多方面的。首先,通过血管内途径进行降温具有选择性和即时冷却的特性,可将低温液体直接作用到缺血区域,从而最大化实现局部的低温液体灌注,避免产生全身不良反应,这非常适合作为LVO-AIS卒中血管内再通手术的辅助治疗方式。其次,SEBC最大限度地提高了冷却速度,在试验模型中可在几分钟内到达目标温度,快速实现低温神经保护。虽然该操作在理论上非常有前景,但临床接受仍存在一些障碍。首先,虽然低温诱导速度很快,但冷却的持续时间将受到允许留置血管内导管保留在动脉中常规时间的限制;其次,局部暴露于寒冷、额外的液体量(局部血液稀释)可能会产生潜在的不利影响。因此,仔细监测生命体征、稀释度、局部温度和潜在的血管损伤和痉挛是必要的。此外,在实践中,现有的亚低温方法要求微导管通过血栓后持续给予冰盐水灌注的方式可能会导致手术再通的短暂延迟。最后,直接注入法虽然是物理上最快的冷却方法,但在一定时间内可注入液体的量有限。相比之下,通过自身血液体外循环冷却重新进入脑循环的方法则可在理论上解决这一问题,但其可操作性较低。因此建立一种能够对目标温度、低温液体的注入流速及注入液体容积指标进行规范化处理的更简化、有效的SEBC方法,可能成为低温问题的最终解决方案。
[1]Gutierrez J,Turan TN,Hoh BL,et al.Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis:risk factors,diagnosis,and treatment[J].Lancet Neurol,2022,21(4):355-368.
[2]Virani SS,Alonso A,Benjamin EJ,et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update:a report from the American Heart Association[J].Circulation,2020,141(9):e139-e596.
[3]Berkhemer OA,Fransen PS,Beumer D,et al.A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(1):11-20.
[4]Tao C,Nogueira RG,Zhu Y,et al.Trial of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Basilar-Artery Occlusion[J].N Engl J Med,2022,387(15):1361-1372.
[5]Goyal M,Menon BK,van Zwam WH,et al.Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke:a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials[J].Lancet,2016,387(10029):1723-1731.
[6]Bernard SA,Gray TW,Buist MD,et al.Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia[J].N Engl J Med,2002,346(8):557-563.
[7]Jacobs SE,Morley CJ,Inder TE,et al.Whole-body hypothermia for term and near-term newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy:a randomized controlled trial[J].Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,2011,165(8):692-700.
[8]Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group.Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest[J].N Engl J Med,2002,346(8):549-556.
[9]Krieger DW,De Georgia MA,Abou-Chebl A,et al.Cooling for acute ischemic brain damage(cool aid):an open pilot study of induced hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2001,32(8):1847-1854.
[10]Ji Y,Hu Y,Wu Y,et al.Therapeutic time window of hypothermia is broader than cerebral artery flushing in carotid saline infusion after transient focal ischemic stroke in rats[J].Neurol Res,2012,34(7):657-663.
[11]Lyden P,Hemmen T,Grotta J,et al.Results of the ICTuS 2 Trial(Intravascular Cooling in the Treatment of Stroke 2)[J].Stroke,2016,47(12):2888-2895.
[12]Straus D,Prasad V,Munoz L.Selective therapeutic hypothermia:a review of invasive and noninvasive techniques[J].Arq Neuropsiquiatr,2011,69(6):981-987.
[13]Zhong W,Yuan Y,Gu X,et al.Neuropsychological deficits chronically developed after focal ischemic stroke and beneficial effectsof pharmacological hypothermia in the mouse[J].Aging Dis,2020,11(1):1-16.
[14]Hoedemaekers CW,Ezzahti M,Gerritsen A,et al.Comparison of cooling methods to induce and maintain normo- and hypothermia in intensive care unit patients:a prospective intervention study[J].Crit Care,2007,11(4):R91.
[15]Kurisu K,Yenari MA.Therapeutic hypothermia for ischemic stroke;pathophysiology and future promise[J].Neuropharmacology,2018,134(Pt B):302-309.
[16]Hong JM,Lee JS,Song HJ,et al.Therapeutic hypothermia after recanalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2014,45(1):134-140.
[17]Els T,Oehm E,Voigt S,et al.Safety and therapeutical benefit of hemicraniectomy combined with mild hypothermia in comparison with hemicraniectomy alone in patients with malignant ischemic stroke[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2006,21(1-2):79-85.
[18]Duan YX,Ding YC,Wu D,et al.Neuroprotective Effect of a New Endovascular Hypothermia:Intrajugular Cooling Infusion in Experimental Ischemic Stroke[J].Stroke,2018,49:2.
[19]Liu L,Liu J,Li M,et al.Selective brain hypothermia attenuates focal cerebral ischemic injury and improves long-term neurological outcome in aged female mice[J].CNS Neurosci Ther,2023,29(1):129-139.
[20]Wang Y,Choi JH,Almekhlafi MA,et al.A System for Continuous Pre- to Post-reperfusion Intra-carotid Cold Infusion for Selective Brain Hypothermia in Rodent StrokeModels[J].Transl Stroke Res,2021,12(4):676-687.
[21]Ji YB,Wu YM,Ji Z,et al.Interrupted intracarotid artery cold saline infusion as an alternative method for neuroprotection after ischemic stroke[J].Neurosurg Focus,2012,33(1):E10.
[22]Caroff J,King RM,Mitchell JE,et al.Focal cooling of brain parenchyma in a transient large vessel occlusion model:proof-of-concept[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2020,12(2):209-213.
[23]Cattaneo G,Schumacher M,Maurer C,et al.Endovascular Cooling Catheter for Selective Brain Hypothermia:An Animal Feasibility Study of Cooling Performance[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2016,37(5):885-891.
[24]Ding Y,Li J,Rafols JA,et al.Prereperfusion saline infusion into ischemic territory reduces inflammatory injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats[J].Stroke,2002,33(10):2492-2498.
[25]Kurisu K,Abumiya T,Nakamura H,et al.Transarterial Regional Brain Hypothermia Inhibits Acute Aquaporin-4 Surge and Sequential Microvascular Events in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury[J].Neurosurgery,2016,79(1):125-134.
[26]Ding Y,Young CN,Li J,et al.Reduced inflammatory mediator expression by pre-reperfusion infusion into ischemic territory in rats:a real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis[J].Neurosci Lett,2003,353(3):173-176.
[27]Zhao WH,Ji XM,Ling F,et al.Local mild hypothermia induced by intra-arterial cold saline infusion prolongs the time window of onset of reperfusion injury after transient focal ischemia in rats[J].Neurol Res,2009,31(1):43-51.
[28]Caroff J,King RM,Mitchell JE,et al.Focal cooling of brain parenchyma in a transient large vessel occlusion model:proof-of-concept[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2020,12(2):209-213.
[29]Mattingly TK,Denning LM,Siroen KL,et al.Catheter based selective hypothermia reduces stroke volume during focal cerebral ischemia in swine[J]..J Neurointerv Surg,2016,8(4):418-822.
[30]Mattingly TK,Denning LM,Siroen KL,et al.Catheter based selective hypothermia reduces stroke volume during focal cerebral ischemia in swine[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2016,8(4):418-422.
[31]Fazel Bakhsheshi M,Wang Y,Keenliside L,et al.A new approach to selective brain cooling by a ranque-hilsch vortex tube[J].Intensive Care Med Exp,2016,4(1):32.
[32]Wang B,Wu D,Dornbos Iii D,et al.Local cerebral hypothermia induced by selective infusion of cold lactated ringer’s:a feasibility study in rhesus monkeys[J].Neurol Res,2016,38(6):545-552.
[33]Cattaneo G,Schumacher M,Maurer C,et al.Endovascular cooling catheter for selective brain hypothermia:an animal feasibility study of cooling performance[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2016,37(5):885-891.
[34]Cattaneo GF,Herrmann AM,Eiden SA,et al.Selective intra-carotid blood cooling in acute ischemic stroke:A safety and feasibility study in an ovine stroke model[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2021,41(11):3097-3110.
[35]Wu D,Chen J,Hussain M,et al.Selective intra-arterial brain cooling improves long-term outcomes in a non-human primate model of embolic stroke:efficacy depending on reperfusion status[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2020,40(7):1415-1426.
[36]Huang Y,Gu S,Han Z,et al.Cold Case of Thrombolysis:Cold Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Confers Enhanced Neuroprotection in Experimental Stroke[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2023,12(17):e029817.
[37]Chen J,Xu S,Lee H,et al.Hypothermic neuroprotection by targeted cold autologous blood transfusion in a non-human primate stroke model[J].Sci Bull(Beijing),2023,68(14):1556-1566.
[38]Konstas AA,Neimark MA,Laine AF,et al.A theoretical model of selective cooling using intracarotid cold saline infusion in the human brain[J].J Appl Physiol (1985),2007,102(4):1329-1340.
[39]Choi JH,Marshall RS,Neimark MA,et al.Selective brain cooling with endovascular intracarotid infusion of cold saline:a pilot feasibility study[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2010,31(5):928-934.
[40]Peng X,Wan Y,Liu W,et al.Protective roles of intra-arterial mild hypothermia and arterial thrombolysis in acute cerebral infarction[J].Springerplus,2016,5(1):1988.
[41]Chen J,Liu L,Zhang H,et al.Endovascular Hypothermia in Acute Ischemic Stroke:Pilot Study of Selective Intra-Arterial Cold Saline Infusion[J].Stroke,2016,47(7):1933-1935.
[42]Wu C,Zhao W,An H,et al.Safety,feasibility,and potential efficacy of intraarterial selective cooling infusion for stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2018,38(12):2251-2260.
[43]Tian H,Wan Y,Zhang H,et al.Interrupted intraarterial selective cooling infusion combined with mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke:a prospective,nonrandomized observational cohort study[J].J Neurosurg,2023,139(4):1083-1091.
[44]Wan Y,Tian H,Wang H,et al.Selective intraarterial hypothermia combined with mechanical thrombectomy for acute cerebral infarction based on microcatheter technology:A single-center,randomized,single-blind controlled study[J].Front Neurol,2023,14:1039816.