雅思学术类阅读 – 流程图题型 (Flow-chart Completion)-关于抗衰老的文章
简介：这篇材料为雅思考生提供了一个科学话题的深入讨论，涉及生物学、医学和抗衰老研究，同时也考察了考生对复杂科学概念的理解和分析能力。
题型：流程图题型 (Flow-chart Completion)
主题：关于抗衰老的文章
英文原题
Academic Reading Sample Task – Flow-chart Completion: selecting words from the text
[Note: This is an extract from a Part 3 text about the effect of a low-calorie diet on the aging process.]
Adapted from ‘The Serious Search for an Anti-Aging Pill’. Copyright © 2006 Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.
No treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie∗ yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less, a 'caloric-restriction mimetic'?
The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.
Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.
Questions 1 – 3
Complete the flow-chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
题目来源：IELTS 官网
阅读材料翻译
Academic Reading Sample Task – Flow-chart Completion: selecting words from the text
雅思学术阅读示例 – 流程图题型 (Flow-chart Completion)：从文本中选择单词
[Note: This is an extract from a Part 3 text about the effect of a low-calorie diet on the aging process.]
[注：这是关于低热量饮食 (a low- calorie diet) 对衰老过程的影响的第三部分文本的摘录。]
Adapted from ‘The Serious Search for an Anti-Aging Pill’. Copyright © 2006 Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.
摘自《认真寻找抗衰老药丸》(The Serious Search for an Anti-Aging Pill)。版权所有 © 2006《科学美国人》(Scientific American)，《自然美国》下属机构。保留所有权利。
No treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie∗ yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less, a 'caloric-restriction mimetic'?
目前市场上还没有一种治疗方法能够减缓人类的衰老。但有一种干预措施，即食用低热量但营养均衡的饮食，对许多动物都产生了非常好的效果，可以延长寿命并保持健康。这些发现表明，热量限制也可以延缓衰老并延长人类的寿命。但是，如果有人能制造出一种药丸，既能模仿少吃的生理效应，又不用真正强迫人们少吃，那会怎样呢？这种药丸就是“热量限制模拟物”('caloric-restriction mimetic')？
The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.
研究最为深入的热量限制模拟物是 2DG（2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖, 2-deoxy-D-glucose），其作用机理是干扰细胞处理葡萄糖 (glucose) 的方式。研究表明，某些剂量的 2DG 对动物有毒性，因此不能用于人类。但研究显示，化学物质 (chemicals) 可以复制 (replicate) 热量限制的效果；关键在于找到合适的物质。
Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.
细胞 (cells) 利用食物中的葡萄糖 (glucose) 来生成 ATP（三磷酸腺苷, adenosine triphosphate），这种分子 (molecule) 为体内的许多活动提供能量。通过限制食物摄入，热量限制 (caloric restriction) 可以最大限度地减少进入细胞的葡萄糖量 (the amount of glucose)，并减少 ATP 的生成。当给正常饮食的动物服用 2DG 时，葡萄糖 (glucose) 会大量进入细胞，但这种药物会阻止大部分葡萄糖被加工，从而减少 ATP 的合成。研究人员提出了几种解释，说明为什么中断葡萄糖 (glucose) 加工和 ATP 生成可能会延缓衰老 (retard aging)。一种可能性与 ATP 制造机制释放的自由基 (free radicals) 有关，人们认为，自由基会通过破坏细胞而导致衰老和癌症等与年龄有关的疾病。减少机器的运转应该会限制它们的产生，从而抑制损害 (constrain the damage)。另一种假设认为，葡萄糖 (glucose) 加工的减少可能会向细胞发出食物稀缺的信息（即使事实并非如此），并诱导它们转向抗衰老模式，强调保护有机体而不是生长和繁殖等“奢侈品”。
阅读材料分析
这篇雅思阅读材料主要探讨了热量限制模拟剂（caloric-restriction mimetic）的概念及其在延缓衰老和增加寿命方面的潜在作用。以下是对这篇文章的分析：
1 热量限制与寿命延长：
l文章指出，尽管市场上没有被证明可以减缓人类衰老的治疗方法，但低热量且营养均衡的饮食在多种动物中已被证明可以显著延长寿命并保持健康状态。
l这表明热量限制可能也能在人类中延缓衰老和延长寿命。
2 热量限制模拟剂：
l文章提出了一个概念，即如果能够创造出一种药丸，模拟少吃的生理效果而不需要人们实际减少食物摄入，这种药丸被称为“热量限制模拟剂”。
3.2DG（2-脱氧葡萄糖）：
l2DG是研究最多的热量限制模拟剂候选物，它通过干扰细胞处理葡萄糖的方式发挥作用。
l尽管在动物实验中某些剂量的2DG显示出毒性，因此不能用于人类，但它证明了化学物质可以复制热量限制的效果，关键在于找到合适的化学物质。
4.葡萄糖与ATP的生成：
l细胞利用食物中的葡萄糖生成ATP，这是身体许多活动的能量来源。
l通过限制食物摄入，热量限制最小化了进入细胞的葡萄糖量，从而减少了ATP的生成。
5.2DG的作用机制：
l当2DG被给予正常饮食的动物时，尽管葡萄糖大量到达细胞，但药物阻止了大部分葡萄糖被处理，从而减少了ATP的合成。
6.延缓衰老的机制：
l文章提出了几种解释，说明为什么中断葡萄糖处理和ATP生产可能会延缓衰老。
l一种可能性是ATP制造机械释放的自由基，这些自由基被认为通过损伤细胞来促进衰老和与年龄相关的疾病，如癌症。
l减少机械的操作应该限制自由基的产生，从而限制损伤。
l另一个假设是，葡萄糖处理的减少可能会向细胞发出食物稀缺的信号（即使实际上不是），并诱导它们进入一种强调保护有机体而非生长和繁殖等“奢侈品”的抗衰老模式。
7.结论：
l文章最后指出，尽管2DG作为热量限制模拟剂的候选物存在问题，但它证明了通过化学物质模拟热量限制的效果是可能的，现在需要找到正确的化学物质来实现这一目标。
这篇材料为雅思考生提供了一个科学话题的深入讨论，涉及生物学、医学和抗衰老研究，同时也考察了考生对复杂科学概念的理解和分析能力。
1句1翻译
Academic Reading Sample Task – Flow-chart Completion: selecting words from the text
雅思学术阅读示例– 流程图题型 (Flow-chart Completion)：从文本中选择单词
[Note: This is an extract from a Part 3 text about the effect of a low-calorie diet on the aging process.]
[注：这是关于低热量饮食 (a low- calorie diet) 对衰老过程的影响的第三部分文本的摘录。]
Adapted from ‘The Serious Search for an Anti-Aging Pill’.
摘自《认真寻找抗衰老药丸》(The Serious Search for an Anti-Aging Pill)。
Copyright © 2006 Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
版权所有 © 2006《科学美国人》(Scientific American)，《自然美国》下属机构。
All rights reserved.
保留所有权利。
第 1 段：
No treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging.
目前市场上还没有一种治疗方法能够减缓人类的衰老。
But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health.
但有一种干预措施，即食用低热量但营养均衡的饮食，对许多动物都产生了非常好的效果，可以延长寿命并保持健康。
Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.
这些发现表明，热量限制也可以延缓衰老并延长人类的寿命。
But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less, a 'caloric-restriction mimetic'?
但是，如果有人能制造出一种药丸，既能模仿少吃的生理效应，又不用真正强迫人们少吃，那会怎样呢？这种药丸就是“热量限制模拟剂”('caloric-restriction mimetic')？
第 2 段：
The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose.
研究最为深入的热量限制模拟剂是 2DG（2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖, 2-deoxy-D-glucose），其作用机理是干扰细胞处理葡萄糖 (glucose) 的方式。
It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans.
研究表明，某些剂量的 2DG 对动物有毒性，因此不能用于人类。
But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.
但研究显示，化学物质 (chemicals) 可以复制 (replicate) 热量限制的效果；关键在于找到合适的物质。
第 3 段：
Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body.
细胞 (cells) 利用食物中的葡萄糖 (glucose) 来生成 ATP（三磷酸腺苷, adenosine triphosphate），这种分子 (molecule) 为体内的许多活动提供能量。
By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation.
通过限制食物摄入 (By limiting food intake)，热量限制 (caloric restriction) 可以最大限度地减少进入细胞的葡萄糖量 (the amount of glucose)，并减少 ATP 的生成。
When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis.
当给正常饮食的动物服用 2DG 时，葡萄糖 (glucose) 会大量进入细胞，但这种药物(drugs) 会阻止大部分葡萄糖被加工，从而减少 ATP 的合成。
Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging.
研究人员提出了几种解释，说明为什么中断葡萄糖 (glucose) 加工和 ATP 生成可能会延缓衰老 (retard aging)。
One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells.
一种可能性与 ATP 制造机制释放的自由基 (free radicals) 有关，人们认为，自由基会通过破坏细胞而导致衰老和癌症等与年龄有关的疾病。
Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage.
减少机制的运转应该会限制它们的产生，从而抑制损害 (constrain the damage)。
Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.
另一种假设认为，葡萄糖 (glucose) 加工的减少可能会向细胞发出食物稀缺的信息（即使事实并非如此），并诱导它们转向抗衰老模式，强调保护有机体而不是生长和繁殖等“奢侈品”。
答案
1 glucose
2 free radicals
3 preservation
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