说明文 (Expository Essay) 的定义
"Expose" 意味着揭示或暴露某物,或以某种方式发现某物,使其他人知道它是什么。说明文(Expository)来源于“exposition”,这是“expose”的名词形式。说明文是一种旨在解释、说明、澄清或阐明某事物的写作类型,使读者清楚地理解。因此,它可以是对某个想法的调查、评估,甚至是论证,以便澄清。
说明文 (Expository Essay) 的类型
说明文进一步分为五大类:
描述性文章 (Descriptive Essay):描述某物、某地、某种经历或某种情境,通过感官信息进行描述。
过程性文章 (Process Essay):解释或展示某种制作或做某事的过程。
比较性文章 (Comparison Essay):比较和对比两种事物。
因果性文章 (Cause/Effect Essay):找出某事物的原因,然后找出它对另一事物的影响。
问题/解决方案文章 (Problem/Solution Essay):提出一个问题并为读者提供解决方案。
说明文 (Expository Essay) 与议论文 (Argumentative Essay) 的区别
显然,说明文是一种阐述、解释、调查或说明,目的是为了澄清,因此,其语气通常保持中立。然而,在议论文中,会在提出论点之前对某事物有一个明确的立场,并没有客观性或中立性的问题。
文学中说明文 (Expository Essay) 的例子
例子#1:《中国母亲为何更优越》 (How Chinese Mothers are Superior) - 蔡美儿 (Amy Chua)
《中国母亲为何更优越》 (How Chinese Mothers are Superior) - 蔡美儿 (Amy Chua) 的英文原文下载可在同日发布的【英文资料共享】的文章中找到下载链接
英文原文:“I’m using the term ‘Chinese mother’ loosely. I know some Korean, Indian, Jamaican, Irish and Ghanaian parents who qualify too. Conversely, I know some mothers of Chinese heritage, almost always born in the West, who are not Chinese mothers, by choice or otherwise. I’m also using the term ‘Western parents’ loosely. Western parentscome in all varieties. All the same, even when Western parents think they’re being strict, they usually don’t come close to being Chinese mothers. For example, my Western friends who consider themselves strict make their children practice their instruments 30 minutes every day. An hour at most. For a Chinese mother, the first hour is the easy part. It’s hours two and three that get tough.”
中文译文:“我使用‘中国母亲’这个术语很宽泛。我认识一些韩国、印度、牙买加、爱尔兰和加纳的家长也符合这个标准。相反,我也认识一些有中国血统的母亲,几乎总是在西方出生,她们不是中国母亲,无论是出于选择还是其他原因。我也使用‘西方家长’这个术语很宽泛。西方家长各种各样。即便如此,即使西方家长认为他们很严格,他们通常也远远达不到中国母亲的严格程度。例如,我那些认为自己很严格的西方朋友每天让孩子练习乐器30分钟。最多一个小时。对于中国母亲来说,第一个小时是最轻松的。接下来的两个小时才是最难的。”
这是蔡美儿 (Amy Chua) 写的一篇比较/对比文章 (a comparison/contrast essay) 的摘录,解释了不同文化中的母亲如何不同。这段文字比较了中国、伊朗、牙买加和爱尔兰背景下的母亲。
例子#2:《学会读书》 (Learning to Read) - 马尔科姆·X (Malcolm X)
《学会读书》 (Learning to Read) - 马尔科姆·X (Malcolm X) 的英文原文下载可在同日发布的【英文资料共享】的文章中找到下载链接
英文原文:“It was because of my letters that I happened to stumble upon starting to acquire some kind of a homemade education.
I became increasingly frustrated at not being able to express what I wanted to convey in letters that I wrote, especially those to Mr. Elijah Muhammad. In the street, I had been the most articulate hustler out there. I had commanded attention when I said something. Butnow, trying to write simple English, I not only wasn’t articulate, I wasn’t even functional. How would I sound writing in slang, the way I would say it, something such as, ‘Look, daddy, let me pull your coat about a cat, Elijah Muhammad — ‘
Many who today hear me somewhere in person, or on television, or those who read something I’ve said, will think I went to school far beyond the eighth grade. This impression is due entirely to my prison studies.”
中文译文:“因为我的信件,我碰巧开始获得某种自学教育。
我越来越沮丧,因为我无法在写给以利亚·穆罕默德先生的信中表达我想要传达的内容。在街头,我是最能言善辩的骗子。我说话时能引起注意。但现在,试图用简单的英语写作,我不仅不能言善辩,甚至连基本功能都不具备。我怎么会用俚语写作,就像我会说的那样,比如,‘听着,爸爸,让我告诉你一个人,叫以利亚·穆罕默德——’
今天,许多人在某个地方亲耳听到我,或者在电视上看到我,或者阅读我说的某些东西,会以为我上过八年级以上的学校。这种印象完全是由于我在监狱里的学习。”
这段文字摘自一篇过程性文章 (process essay)。在这篇文章中,马尔科姆·X 讲述了他学习的过程。在这一段中,他详细描述了他如何学习字母。
例子#3:《夏日仪式》 (Summer Ritual ) - 雷·布拉德伯里 (Ray Bradbury)
英文原文:“About seven o’clock you could hear the chairs scraping from the tables, someone experimenting with a yellow-toothedpiano, if you stood outside the dining-room window and listened. Matches being struck, the first dishes bubbling in the suds and tinkling on the wall racks, somewhere, faintly, a phonograph playing. And then as the evening changed the hour, at house after house on the twilight streets, under the immense oaks and elms, on shady porches, people would begin to appear, like those figures who tell good or bad weather in rain-or-shine clocks.
Uncle Bert, perhaps Grandfather, then Father, and some of the cousins; the men all coming out first into the syrupy evening, blowing smoke, leaving the wSWomen’svoices behind in the cooling-warm kitchen to set their universe aright. Then the first male voices under the porch brim, the feet up, the boys fringed on the worn steps or wooden rails where sometime during the evening something, a boy or a geranium pot, would fall off.”
中文译文:“大约七点钟,你可以听到椅子从桌子上刮下来的声音,有人正在试弹一架黄牙的钢琴,如果你站在餐厅窗外听。火柴被划着,第一个碗在肥皂水中冒泡并在墙架上叮当作响,某处隐约有留声机在播放。然后,随着夜晚更换时辰,暮色街道上的房屋一个接一个地,在巨大橡树和榆树下,在阴凉的门廊上,人们开始出现,就像那些在晴雨钟中预示好天气或坏天气的雕像。
也许是伯特叔叔,也许是祖父,然后是父亲,还有一些堂兄弟;男人们首先走出到甜蜜的夜晚,吐着烟,把厨房里留下的女人们的声音抛在身后,调整她们的宇宙。然后,第一个男声在门廊边缘响起,脚抬起,男孩们坐在磨损的台阶或木栏杆上,在夜晚的某个时刻,某个男孩或天竺葵盆栽会掉下来。”
这是描述性文章 (Descriptive Essay) 的一段摘录。它有完整的描述,告诉我们声音和颜色;一种感官信息类型。
说明文 (expository essay) 的功能
说明文 (expository essay) 的功能是通过描述、过程、比较/对比或问题解决来澄清和揭示事物、观点、人物和地点。这种类型文章的目的是让读者了解文章中提到的事物。它以一种读者能够了解主题的方式提供完整而详细的信息。
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