Academic Reading Sample Task – Matching Features
学术阅读示例 – 匹配特征
[Note: This is an extract from an Academic Reading passage on the development of rockets.
注意：这是一篇关于火箭发展的学术阅读文章的摘录。
The text preceding this extract explored the slow development of the rocket and explained the principle of propulsion.]
此摘录之前的文字探讨了火箭的缓慢发展并解释了推进原理。
The invention of rockets is linked inextricably with the invention of 'black powder'. Most historians of technology credit the Chinese with its discovery. They base their belief on studies of Chinese writings or on the notebooks of early Europeans who settled in or made long visits to China to study its history and civilisation. It is probable that, some time in the tenth century, black powder was first compounded from its basic ingredients of saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur. But this does not mean that it was immediately used to propel rockets. By the thirteenth century, powder-propelled fire arrows had become rather common. The Chinese relied on this type of technological development to produce incendiary projectiles of many sorts, explosive grenades and possibly cannons to repel their enemies. One such weapon was the 'basket of fire' or, as directly translated from Chinese, the 'arrows like flying leopards'. The 0.7 metre-long arrows, each with a long tube of gunpowder attached near the point of each arrow, could be fired from a long, octagonal-shaped basket at the same time and had a range of 400 paces. Another weapon was the 'arrow as a flying sabre', which could be fired from crossbows. The rocket, placed in a similar position to other rocket-propelled arrows, was designed to increase the range. A small iron weight was attached to the 1.5m bamboo shaft, just below the feathers, to increase the arrow's stability by moving the centre of gravity to a position below the rocket. At a similar time, the Arabs had developed the 'egg which moves and burns'. This 'egg' was apparently full of gunpowder and stabilised by a 1.5m tail. It was fired using two rockets attached to either side of this tail.
火箭 (rockets) 的发明与“黑火药” ('black powder') 的发明密不可分。大多数技术史学家认为，火箭的发明者是中国人。他们基于对中国著作的研究，或早期欧洲人的笔记，这些欧洲人定居或长期访问中国，以研究中国的历史和文明。很可能在公元十世纪的某个时候，黑火药 (black powder) 首次由硝石 (saltpetre)、木炭 (charcoal) 和硫磺 (sulphur) 等基本成分混合而成。但这并不意味着它立即被用来推动火箭 (propel rockets)。到十三世纪，火药推动的火箭已经变得相当普遍。中国人依靠这种技术发展生产出各种燃烧弹 (incendiary projectiles)、爆炸手榴弹 (explosive grenades)，甚至可能还有大炮 (cannons) 来击退敌人。其中一种武器是 “火篮”('basket of fire')，或者直接从中文翻译为“飞豹之箭” ('arrows like flying leopards')。0.7 米长的箭，每支箭的尖端附近都附有一根长管火药，可以同时从一个八角形的长篮子 (a long, octagonal-shaped basket) 中发射，射程为400 步。另一种武器是“飞刀箭”，可以用弩发射。火箭的放置位置与其他火箭推进箭相似，旨在增加射程。在 1.5 米长的竹杆上，羽毛正下方附有一个小铁块，通过将重心移到火箭下方来增加箭的稳定性。与此同时，阿拉伯人发明了 “移动和燃烧的鸡蛋” ('egg which moves and burns'.)。这个“鸡蛋”显然装满了火药，并由 1.5 米长的尾巴稳定。它使用附在尾巴两侧的两枚火箭发射。
It was not until the eighteenth century that Europe became seriously interested in the possibilities of using the rocket itself as a weapon of war and not just to propel other weapons. Prior to this, rockets were used only in pyrotechnic displays. The incentive for the more aggressive use of rockets came not from within the European continent but from far-away India, whose leaders had built up a corps of rocketeers and used rockets successfully against the British in the late eighteenth century. The Indian rockets used against the British were described by a British Captain serving in India as ‘an iron envelope about 200 millimetres long and 40 millimetres in diameter with sharp points at the top and a 3m-long bamboo guiding stick’. In the early nineteenth century the British began to experiment with incendiary barrage rockets. The British rocket differed from the Indian version in that it was completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one metre in diameter and having a stick almost five metres long and constructed in such a way that it could be firmly attached to the body of the rocket. The Americans developed a rocket, complete with its own launcher, to use against the Mexicans in the mid-nineteenth century. A long cylindrical tube was propped up by two sticks and fastened to the top of the launcher, thereby allowing the rockets to be inserted and lit from the other end. However, the results were sometimes not that impressive as the behaviour of the rockets in flight was less than predictable.
直到 18 世纪，欧洲才开始认真考虑将火箭 (rocket) 本身用作战争武器，而不仅仅是用于推动其他武器 (propel other weapons)。在此之前，火箭仅用于烟火表演 (pyrotechnic displays)。更积极地使用火箭的动机 (incentive) 并非来自欧洲大陆，而是来自遥远的印度。印度领导人组建了一支火箭兵团 (a corps of rocketeers)，并在 18 世纪末成功地使用火箭对付了英国人。在印度服役的一位英国上尉 (British Captain) 将印度对付英国人的火箭描述为“一个长约 200 毫米、直径 40 毫米的铁壳，顶部有尖头，还有一根 3 米长的竹制导向棒”。19 世纪初，英国人开始试验燃烧弹幕火箭 (incendiary barrage rockets)。英国火箭与印度火箭的不同之处在于，它完全被包裹在一个坚固的铁制圆筒中 (completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder)，圆筒末端有一个锥形头，直径为一米，一根棍子长近五米，结构坚固，可以牢固地固定在火箭身上。19 世纪中叶，美国人开发了一种火箭，配有自己的发射器，用于对付墨西哥人(Mexicans)。一根长长的圆柱形管子 (A long cylindrical tube) 由两根棍子支撑，固定在发射器的顶部，这样就可以从另一端插入并点燃火箭。然而，结果有时并不那么令人印象深刻，因为火箭在飞行中的行为并不那么可预测。
Questions 7 – 10
问题 7-10
Look at the following items (Questions 7-10) and the list of groups below.
查看以下项目（问题 7-10）和下面的组列表。
Match each item with the group which first invented or used them.
将每个物品与最先发明或使用它们的组进行匹配。
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.
在答题纸上的 7-10 框中写下正确的字母 A-E。
NB You may use any letter more than once.
注意：你可以多次使用任意字母。
7 black powder 黑火药
8 rocket-propelled arrows for fighting 用于战斗的火箭推进箭
9 rockets as war weapons 火箭作为战争武器
10 the rocket launcher 火箭发射器
First invented or used by 最先由 _______ 发明或使用
A the Chinese 中国人
B the Indians 印度人
C the British 英国人
D the Arabs 阿拉伯人
E the Americans 美国人
(答案在文末）
题型来源: ielts official website
1 句 1 翻译
(推荐听读模式）
第 1 段
The invention of rockets is linked inextricably with the invention of 'black powder'.
火箭 (rockets) 的发明与“黑火药” ('black powder') 的发明密不可分。
Most historians of technology credit the Chinese with its discovery.
大多数技术史学家认为，火箭的发明者是中国人。
They base their belief on studies of Chinese writings or on the notebooks of early Europeans who settled in or made long visits to China to study its history and civilisation.
他们基于对中国著作的研究，或早期欧洲人的笔记，这些欧洲人定居或长期访问中国，以研究中国的历史和文明。
It is probable that, some time in the tenth century, black powder was first compounded from its basic ingredients of saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur.
很可能在公元十世纪的某个时候，黑火药 (black powder) 首次由硝石 (saltpetre)、木炭 (charcoal) 和硫磺 (sulphur) 等基本成分混合而成。
But this does not mean that it was immediately used to propel rockets.
但这并不意味着它立即被用来推动火箭 (propel rockets)。
By the thirteenth century, powder-propelled fire arrows had become rather common.
到十三世纪，火药推动的火箭已经变得相当普遍。
The Chinese relied on this type of technological development to produce incendiary projectiles of many sorts, explosive grenades and possibly cannons to repel their enemies.
中国人依靠这种技术发展生产出各种燃烧弹 (incendiary projectiles)、爆炸手榴弹 (explosive grenades)，甚至可能还有大炮 (cannons) 来击退敌人 (repel their enemies)。
One such weapon was the 'basket of fire' or, as directly translated from Chinese, the 'arrows like flying leopards'.
其中一种武器是“火篮” ('basket of fire')，或者直接从中文翻译为“飞豹之箭” ('arrows like flying leopards')。
The 0.7 metre-long arrows, each with a long tube of gunpowder attached near the point of each arrow, could be fired from a long, octagonal-shaped basket at the same time and had a range of 400 paces.
0.7 米长的箭，每支箭的尖端附近都附有一根长管火药，可以同时从一个八角形的长篮子 (a long, octagonal-shaped basket) 中发射，射程为400 步。
Another weapon was the 'arrow as a flying sabre', which could be fired from crossbows.
另一种武器是“飞刀箭”，可以用弩发射。
The rocket, placed in a similar position to other rocket-propelled arrows, was designed to increase the range.
火箭的放置位置与其他火箭推进箭 (rocket-propelled arrows) 相似，旨在增加射程。
A small iron weight was attached to the 1.5m bamboo shaft, just below the feathers, to increase the arrow's stability by moving the centre of gravity to a position below the rocket.
在 1.5 米长的竹杆上，羽毛正下方附有一个小铁块，通过将重心移到火箭下方来增加箭的稳定性。
At a similar time, the Arabs had developed the 'egg which moves and burns'.
与此同时，阿拉伯人发明了 “移动和燃烧的鸡蛋” ('egg which moves and burns'.)。
This 'egg' was apparently full of gunpowder and stabilised by a 1.5m tail. It was fired using two rockets attached to either side of this tail.
这个“鸡蛋”显然装满了火药，并由 1.5 米长的尾巴稳定。它使用附在尾巴两侧的两枚火箭发射。
第 2 段
It was not until the eighteenth century that Europe became seriously interested in the possibilities of using the rocket itself as a weapon of war and not just to propel other weapons.
直到 18 世纪，欧洲才开始认真考虑将火箭 (rocket) 本身用作战争武器，而不仅仅是用于推动其他武器 (propel other weapons)。
Prior to this, rockets were used only in pyrotechnic displays.
在此之前，火箭仅用于烟火表演 (pyrotechnic displays)。
The incentive for the more aggressive use of rockets came not from within the European continent but from far-away India, whose leaders had built up a corps of rocketeers and used rockets successfully against the British in the late eighteenth century.
更积极地使用火箭的动机 (incentive) 并非来自欧洲大陆，而是来自遥远的印度。印度领导人组建了一支火箭兵团 (a corps of rocketeers)，并在 18 世纪末成功地使用火箭对付了英国人。
The Indian rockets used against the British were described by a British Captain serving in India as ‘an iron envelope about 200 millimetres long and 40 millimetres in diameter with sharp points at the top and a 3m-long bamboo guiding stick’.
在印度服役的一位英国上尉 (British Captain) 将印度对付英国人的火箭描述为“一个长约 200 毫米、直径 40 毫米的铁壳，顶部有尖头，还有一根 3 米长的竹制导向棒”。
In the early nineteenth century the British began to experiment with incendiary barrage rockets.
19 世纪初，英国人开始试验燃烧弹幕火箭 (incendiary barrage rockets)。
The British rocket differed from the Indian version in that it was completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one metre in diameter and having a stick almost five metres long and constructed in such a way that it could be firmly attached to the body of the rocket.
英国火箭与印度火箭的不同之处在于，它完全被包裹在一个坚固的铁制圆筒中 (completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder)，圆筒末端有一个锥形头，直径为一米，一根棍子长近五米，结构坚固，可以牢固地固定在火箭身上。
The Americans developed a rocket, complete with its own launcher, to use against the Mexicans in the mid-nineteenth century.
19 世纪中叶，美国人开发了一种火箭，配有自己的发射器，用于对付墨西哥人 (Mexicans)。
A long cylindrical tube was propped up by two sticks and fastened to the top of the launcher, thereby allowing the rockets to be inserted and lit from the other end.
一根长长的圆柱形管子 (A long cylindrical tube)由两根棍子支撑，固定在发射器的顶部，这样就可以从另一端插入并点燃火箭。
However, the results were sometimes not that impressive as the behaviour of the rockets in flight was less than predictable.
然而，结果有时并不那么令人印象深刻，因为火箭在飞行中的行为并不那么可预测。
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答案
7 A
8 A
9 B
10 E
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