Enshi
Hubei
“人有难，方有傩”
When a person is in difficulty, there is no escape.
Enshi
傩文化
Nuo culture
神秘／古朴／独特
Nuo Opera
发展历史
傩戏的起源可追溯至远古时代的图腾崇拜和原始宗教祭祀活动。在商周时期，傩祭已成为国家重要且庄严的祭祀礼仪。秦汉时期，宫廷傩仪规模宏大，充满神秘色彩，其仪式的庄重和肃穆令人敬畏。
The origin of Nuo opera can be traced back to totem worship and primitive religious rituals in ancient times. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Nuo Festival became an important and solemn ritual in the country. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the palace Nuo ritual was grand in scale and full of mystery, and its solemnity and solemnity was awe-inspiring.
唐宋时期，傩戏逐渐从单纯的宗教祭祀向兼具娱乐性的表演转变，不仅吸收了民间歌舞、说唱等艺术形式，表演内容也更加丰富多样，开始融入更多世俗生活的元素。
During the Tang and Song dynasties, Nuo opera gradually shifted from a simple religious ritual to an entertaining performance. It not only absorbed folk art forms such as singing and dancing but also enriched and diversified its performance content, incorporating more elements of secular life.
明清时期，傩戏在民间广泛传播，与各地的地域文化、民俗风情深度融合，形成了众多各具特色的流派和风格，如贵州的地戏、江西的南丰傩戏等。在这一过程中，傩面具作为傩戏的重要元素，其造型和色彩也日益丰富多样，成为地域特色的鲜明体现。
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Nuo opera was widely spread among the people and deeply integrated with regional culture and folk customs, forming numerous distinctive schools and styles, such as Guizhou's local opera and Jiangxi's Nanfeng Nuo opera. In this process, Nuo masks, as an important element of Nuo opera, have become increasingly diverse in shape and colour, becoming a vivid reflection of regional characteristics.
近现代以来，傩戏在社会变革和现代文化的强烈冲击下，生存空间受到严重挤压，但仍在一些偏远地区顽强传承，保留着传统文化的火种。
Since modern times, under the strong impact of social changes and modern culture, the survival space of Nuo opera has been severely squeezed, but it persists in some remote areas and preserves the spark of traditional culture.
Nuo Opera
在传统的华夏文明中，"傩"是历史久远并广泛流行于汉民族中的具有强烈宗教和艺术色彩的社会文化现象，它起源于汉族先民的自然崇拜、图腾崇拜和巫术意识。
In traditional Chinese civilization, "Nuo" is a social and cultural phenomenon with strong religious and artistic colours that has a long history and is widely popular among the Han ethnic group. It originated from the natural worship, totem worship, and witchcraft consciousness of the Han ancestors.
过程
傩戏的制作首先是剧本创作，通常取材于神话传说、历史故事、民间故事等。编剧会根据傩戏的特点和表演需求，对故事进行精心改编和巧妙创作。
The production of Nuo opera first involves script creation, usually based on myths, legends, historical stories, folk stories, etc. The screenwriter will carefully adapt and cleverly create the story based on the characteristics and performance needs of Nuo opera.
在演员的选拔和训练方面，傩戏演员多为当地村民，他们通过师傅带徒弟的方式传承技艺。训练内容涵盖舞蹈动作、歌唱技巧、表情神态等诸多方面。演员不仅要熟练掌握基本动作，还要能够通过身体语言传达角色的情感和性格。
In terms of actor selection and training, Nuo opera actors are mostly local villagers who pass on their skills through apprenticeship. The training covers various aspects such as dance movements, singing techniques, facial expressions, and demeanour. Actors not only need to be proficient in basic movements but also able to convey their characters' emotions and personalities through body language.
傩戏的舞台布置相对简单，多利用当地的庙宇、广场等场地。道具也多为自制，如棍棒、旗帜等。而傩面具的制作更是关键环节，通常选用优质的木材，经过雕刻、打磨、彩绘等多道工序，面具上的每一个线条和色彩都蕴含着特定的象征意义。
The stage layout of Nuo Opera is relatively simple, often utilizing local temples, squares, and other venues. The props are mostly homemade, such as sticks, flags, etc. The production of Nuo masks is a crucial step, usually using high-quality wood and undergoing multiple processes such as carving, polishing, and painting. Every line and colour on the mask carries a specific symbolic meaning.
音乐和唱腔的创作通常采用当地的民间音乐元素，具有浓郁的地方特色，其旋律和节奏与傩戏的表演相互呼应，营造出独特的艺术氛围。
The creation of music and singing style usually adopts local folk music elements, with strong local characteristics. Its melody and rhythm complement the performance of Nuo opera, creating a unique artistic atmosphere.
赏析
傩戏的演出剧目不多，内容也较为简单，大都与宗教和驱疫纳福有关。一般来源于两方面，一是从请神的需要出发；二是从娱神娱人的需要出发，扮演一些与请神法事无关的剧目。傩戏可分“正八出”和“外八出”两种。“正八戏”统属巫教仪式，“外八出”是有情节的折子戏和连台大戏。
There are not many performances of Nuo opera, and the content is relatively simple. Most of them are related to religion and epidemic prevention and blessings. Generally, it comes from two aspects, one is from the need to invite God; Secondly, starting from the need to entertain gods and people, playing some plays unrelated to inviting gods and rituals. Nuo opera can be divided into two types: "Zhengba Chu" and "Waiba Chu". The "Zhengba Opera" belongs to the ritual of witchcraft, while the "Waiba Chui" is an episodic and connected drama.
从表演风格来看，傩戏动作刚劲有力，舞蹈步伐独特，充满了原始的力量感。演员通过夸张的表情和动作来传达情感和故事，而佩戴的傩面具更增添了神秘和奇幻的色彩，让观众仿佛置身于另一个世界。
From the perspective of performance style, Nuo opera has strong movements, and unique dance steps, and is full of a primitive sense of power. Actors convey emotions and stories through exaggerated expressions and movements, while wearing Nuo masks adds a mysterious and fantastical colour, making the audience feel as if they are in another world.
唱腔方面，傩戏的音乐旋律独特，节奏明快，有的悠扬婉转，有的激昂高亢，与剧情紧密配合，增强了表演的感染力。傩面具的形象与唱腔相互映衬，使角色更加生动鲜活。
In terms of singing style, the music melody of Nuo opera is unique, with a bright rhythm. Some are melodious and gentle, while others are passionate and high-pitched. It closely matches the plot and enhances the infectious power of the performance. The image and singing style of Nuo masks complement each other, making the characters more vivid and lively.
不只是非遗，更是一种传承
Not only intangible cultural heritage but also a form of inheritance
在剧情内容上，傩戏往往蕴含着对神灵的敬畏、对美好生活的向往以及对善恶的评判，具有深刻的文化内涵和教育意义。傩面具的存在也强化了这种象征意义，让观众更直观地感受到傩戏所传达的精神内涵。
In terms of plot content, Nuo opera often contains reverence for gods, longing for a better life, and judgment of good and evil, with profound cultural connotations and educational significance. The existence of Nuo masks also strengthens this symbolic meaning, allowing the audience to more intuitively feel the spiritual connotation conveyed by Nuo opera.
总结
傩戏作为一项非物质文化遗产，是我国传统文化的璀璨瑰宝。它承载着历史的厚重记忆，反映了不同时期人民的生活、信仰和审美。尽管在现代社会面临诸多困难，但傩戏独特的艺术魅力和文化价值使其值得我们珍视和传承。傩面具作为傩戏的重要组成部分，更是增添了其神秘与独特。通过保护和发展傩戏，我们能够让这一古老的艺术形式在新时代焕发出新的生机与活力，让更多的人领略到其独特的魅力。
As an intangible cultural heritage, Nuo opera is a brilliant treasure of traditional Chinese culture. It carries the heavy memory of history, reflecting the lives, beliefs, and aesthetics of people in different periods. Despite facing many difficulties in modern society, the unique artistic charm and cultural value of Nuo opera make it worth cherishing and inheriting. As an important component of Nuo opera, Nuo masks add to its mystery and uniqueness. By protecting and developing Nuo opera, we can bring new vitality and vigour to this ancient art form in the new era, allowing more people to appreciate its unique charm.
内容策划 Presented
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策划Producer| Nora
排版 Editor | Nora
校对 Proof| Eve
审核Reviewer I Eve
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