Rubbings
拓印是一种古老的印刷术，发明于东汉汉灵帝时期， 因熹平石经的刊刻而发明。
Top printing is an ancient printing technique that was invented during the reign of Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the printing of the Xiping Stone Sutra.
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拓印是对雕刻的或石刻的表面的手工复制品，其方法是将一张纸紧紧覆盖在作品上，用黑色或彩色材料拓印。传统的拓印材料是宣纸和一种叫拓印蜡的块状黑色材料。
Rubbing is a manual reproduction of a carved or stone surface, which involves tightly covering a piece of paper onto the work and using black or coloured materials for printing. The traditional printing materials are rice paper and a block-shaped black material called printing wax.
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拓印
拓印被广泛用于复制各种文化时代的多种浮雕；复制石刻图案，特别是古代中国和其他亚洲文化的石刻；复制中世纪教堂里的纪念性黄铜雕刻品；复制美国建国以前的墓碑；甚至在日本被用来摹印鱼。艺术家亦将拓印技术视为创作的过程，他们为拓本上色，并添上或改动原来的线条。
Rubbings are widely used to replicate various reliefs from different cultural eras; Copy stone carving patterns, especially those from ancient China and other Asian cultures; Copy commemorative brass carvings from medieval churches; Copy tombstones from before the founding of the United States; Even used in Japan to imitate fish. Artists also view rubbings as a creative process, colouring the rubbings and adding or modifying the original lines.
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IMAGINE
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拓印
古代重要的记载刻勒于石。东汉灵帝曾将《论语》《春秋》《周易》等七种经典的标准文本，刻四十六通石碑上，立在洛阳太学门外，史称“熹平石经”；这便致使天天上千人去抄写,把太学堵得水泄不通。于是就有人发明用纸和墨拓去印碑文，供给人看，不用再抄。印刷的发明就是为了满足文字与图画大量复制和广泛传播的要求。从我国的印刷史看，拓印先于雕版。
Important ancient records were carved on stone. Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty once engraved the standard texts of seven classics, including the Analects, Spring and Autumn Annals. Book of Changes, on 46 stone tablets and erected them outside the gate of the Luoyang Imperial Academy, known as the "Xiping Stone Sutra" in history; This has led to thousands of people copying every day, leaving the Imperial Academy completely blocked. So someone invented the use of paper and ink to remove inscriptions from inscriptions, providing them for people to see without having to copy them again. The invention of printing was to meet the requirements of large-scale reproduction and widespread dissemination of text and images. From the history of printing in our country, rubbings preceded woodblock printing.
关拓印方法的变化，主要存在两个方面的变化。一是文字正体与反体方面的变化；最早的石刻上的文字是正写的凹下的文字，后来发展的石刻是反写凹下去的文字；另一个变化是石刻上下的拓印转向木刻上的拓印。
There are mainly two aspects of changes in the printing method. One is the changes in the orthography and antonymy of writing; The earliest inscriptions on stone carvings were concave characters written in front, while later developed stone carvings were concave characters written in reverse; Another change is the shift from rubbings on stone carvings to rubbings on wooden carvings.
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现存最早的拓印品，是在敦煌石室中保存下来的公元六世纪的遗物"温泉铭"。但这绝不是最早的拓印品。拓印术的出现当远在"温泉铭"拓本之前。据《隋书·经籍志》记载，隋朝皇家图书馆藏有拓石文字，以卷为单位，内有秦始皇东巡会稽时的石刻文一卷，熹平石经残文34卷，曹魏三体石经17卷，并述及梁室所藏石刻文字到隋时已散佚。
The earliest surviving rubbings are the "Hot Spring Inscription", a relic from the 6th century AD that has been preserved in Dunhuang stone chambers. But this is by no means the earliest rubbings. The emergence of printing techniques dates back to before the rubbings of "Hot Spring Inscriptions". According to the "Annals of Classics" in the Book of Sui, the Royal Library of the Sui Dynasty had a collection of stone inscriptions, divided into volumes. The library contained one volume of stone inscriptions from Emperor Qin Shi Huang's eastern tour of Kuaiji, 34 volumes of remnants from the Xiping Stone Sutra, and 17 volumes from the Three Body Stone Sutra of Cao and Wei. It was also mentioned that the stone inscriptions stored in the Liang Dynasty had been lost by the time of the Sui Dynasty.
通常人们所说的拓印，指的是在石碑上拓印碑文，实际上，拓印并非专指碑拓。人们在传拓碑文的启示下，又把需要拓印复制的文字刻在木板上，制成印版，然后再在印版上进行拓印，是情理之中的事情。
What people usually refer to as rubbings is to imprint inscriptions on stone tablets, but in fact, rubbings do not specifically refer to stone tablet rubbings. It is reasonable for people, inspired by the transmission of inscriptions, to engrave the text that needs to be replicated on wooden boards, make printing plates, and then perform rubbings on the plates.
Rubbings
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IMAGINE
拓印这种方法，与雕版印刷相比，有很多的相似之处，即它们都需要原版、纸、墨等条件，其目的也是大批量复制文字和图像。就印刷复制术而论，它的出现为印刷术的发明提供了在纸上刷印的复制方法，已经具备了印刷术定义中的基本要素，是有一套完整的、有刷有印的工艺技术，把它视作雕版印刷的雏形，是比较适宜的。然而，碑刻文字是凹下的阴文，而雕版印刷的印版是凸起的阳文，复制下来的拓印品和雕版印刷品，前者为黑底白字，而后者则为白底黑字。而且拓印品的幅面往往比雕版印刷品的幅面大，在速度上也远不如雕版印刷，因此，它还不能看成一种印刷方法，它只能看成是雕版印刷的雏形。
Compared with woodblock printing, the method of rubbing has many similarities, that is, they both require the original version, paper, ink and other conditions, and their purpose is also to reproduce text and images in large quantities. In terms of printing and copying technology, its emergence provided a method of printing on paper for the invention of printing technology. It already has the basic elements of the definition of printing technology and has a complete set of brushing and printing process techniques. It is more appropriate to regard it as the prototype of woodblock printing. However, the inscriptions on the stele are concave intaglios, while the printing plates for woodblock printing are raised intaglios. The replicated rubbings and woodblock prints have a black background and white text, while the latter has a white background and black text. Moreover, the size of rubbings is often larger than that of woodblock prints, and their speed is far inferior to woodblock printing. Therefore, it cannot be regarded as a printing method yet, it can only be seen as the prototype of woodblock printing.
Rubbings
制作拓本系先将湿纸覆于铭文表面，以兔毫毛笔将其压入每一凹陷之刻痕。(另一作法 为以干纸覆盖，于压入前涂以米制或面制浆糊。) 俟纸将干时，以蘸有墨汁之垫 子覆压其上。然后将纸由石碑揭下。由于黑色墨汁未曾接触到压入凹痕部分，因此 制成之拓本遂成黑底白字。(若碑文刻成凸版而非凹版 则黑白位置互换。) 此种 拓本制作技术即使不早于中国印刷术之发明，显亦与之同时。许多学者主张，木版 印刷应系演变自刻印取模技术；用于印刷，乃先于木板上刻出反方向之凸起形像， 继于凸起部涂墨，再以纸覆盖，实即拓本制法之逆向操作。
To make rubbings, wet paper is first applied to the surface of the inscription, and a rabbit hair brush is used to press it into each indentation. Another method is to cover with dry paper and apply rice or flour paste before pressing. When the paper is about to dry, use a pad dipped in ink to press it on top. Then remove the paper from the stone tablet. Because the black ink did not come into contact with the indentation, the resulting rubbings were made with white characters on a black background. If the inscription is engraved in relief instead of intaglio, the black and white positions will be interchanged. This rubbing technique, even if not earlier than the invention of Chinese printing, appears to have been developed at the same time. Many scholars argue that woodblock printing should have evolved from the technique of engraving and mold taking; Used for printing, it involves carving a raised image in the opposite direction on a wooden board, applying ink to the raised area, and then covering it with paper, which is the reverse operation of the rubbing method.
拓印术的出现，为印刷术的发明提供了在纸上刷印的复制方法。
The emergence of rubbings provided a method of printing on paper the invention of printing.
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