T细胞的武器库中,除了经典的穿孔素、颗粒酶之外(T细胞武器库(1)),死亡配体是另外一组主要的武器,结合恶变细胞的死亡受体(细胞质部分内存在所谓的死亡结构域),发挥效应(如下图)。经典包括FasL-Fas,之后又加入了TRAIL-DR4/DR5、TNF-TNFR1等。Tuomela K, Ambrose AR and
Davis DM (2022) Escaping Death:
How Cancer Cells and Infected Cells
Resist Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity.
Front. Immunol. 13:867098.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.8670981993年曾经克隆了CTLA-4(1987年,A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily - CTLA-4. Nature 328, 267–270)的法国Inserm的免疫学家Pierre Golstein等,发现了Fas是穿孔素之外的另外一条T细胞效应途径,至今已过30年。
Rouvier, E., Luciani, M.-F. & Golstein, P. Fas
involvement in Ca2+-independent T cell-mediated
cytotoxicity. J. Exp. Med. 177, 195–200 (1993)紧接着,在1993年年底Pierre Golstein和大阪的osaka bioscience institute的Shigekazu Nagata,在Cell上发文,克隆了Fas的配体(FASL;也称为TNFSF6和CD95L)。Suda, T., Takahashi, T., Golstein, P. & Nagata, S.
Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand: a
novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell
75, 1169–1178 (1993).在之后,1995-1996年确认了Fas的下游关键分子FADD(, FAS-associated death domain),Caspase-8等。至此,T细胞效应的两条经典途径(FAS和穿孔素 - 颗粒酶),大致轮廓已经建立,奠定了T细胞免疫的基础。Fas、TRAILR1/2、TNFR1含有死亡结构域Croft M, Siegel RM.Beyond TNF: TNF superfamily cytokines as targets for the treatment of rheumatic diseases.Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017 Apr;13(4):217-233.虽然Fas-FasL是最经典的T细胞效应通路,但是Fas在很多细胞都有表达,其激动剂(抗体或配体),会导致大量正常健康细胞被无差别杀伤,引起致命性肝毒性等(Ogasawara J,et al, 1993,Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice.Nature 364:806–809. doi:10.1038/364806a0),很难作为抗肿瘤药物开发的靶点。
1995-1997,Fas-FasL之后,发现了TRAIL(Apo2L)及其受体(TRAILR1/DR4、TRAILR2/DR5、DcR1、DcR2等)。因为恶变的肿瘤细胞表达TRAILR1/DR4、TRAILR2/DR5,含有死亡结构域,传递死亡信号,而健康细胞表达DcR1、DcR2,不传递死亡信号。效应T细胞表达TRAIL,结合肿瘤细胞表达的DR4/DR5,从而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。
因为TRAIL受体的独特的表达模式,曾经认为DR4/DR5的激动剂(激动抗体或可溶性配体)是非常有前景的肿瘤药物开发方向,但后续的临床研究,有效性一直有限,非常少数的临床进入2期,进展不多。Snajdauf M, Havlova K,
Vachtenheim J, Ozaniak A, Lischke R,
Bartunkova J, Smrz D and Strizova Z
(2021) The TRAIL in the Treatment of
Human Cancer: An Update on
Clinical Trials.
Front. Mol. Biosci. 8:628332.
doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.628332
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TNF-α、淋巴毒素(lymphotoxin α,TNF-β)可以结合另外一个含死亡结构域的受体TNFR1,传递死亡信号。T细胞在激活后分泌TNF-α、淋巴毒素,通过与TNFR1结合,杀伤靶细胞。
Nancy H. Ruddle, Ph.D.Lymphotoxin and TNF: How it all began- A tribute to the travelers,Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2014 April ; 25(2): 83–89. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.02.001.
1999年重组TNFα(Beromun/tasonermin)被批准用于治疗肢体软组织癌。