印尼承诺镍产业脱碳

文摘   2024-07-17 16:40   北京  
在下游政策受到越来越多关注的情况下,印度尼西亚制定了一项计划,以减少其煤电镍贸易所产生的排放。

镍是可再生能源技术发展的关键矿产。世界上近一半的镍产自印尼,印尼在这一领域的主导地位进一步增强。新当选的总统Prabowo Subianto正在推行一项积极的镍“下游”政策,旨在带动8%的经济增长。

然而,镍的下游加工环节,即在开采之后将原材料加工成半成品,却面临着环境、社会和劳动力等方面的诸多挑战,印尼的政策制定者们正在应对压力,以减少行业发展带来的冲击。

印尼国家发展规划部(Ministry of National Development Planning)正在和世界资源研究所(WRI)印尼办公室合作编制印尼镍产业脱碳路线图,并计划于明年初推出。

该路线图是《2025-2029年国家中期发展计划》(以下简称“计划”)的一部分。《计划》旨在将环境、社会和治理(ESG)原则纳入到下游产业中,其中一个关键目标是到2050年将镍工业的排放量减少90%。该计划还将扩大可再生能源领域的就业机会,并为绿色产业提供激励措施。

目前,印尼每吨镍的碳排放量为58.5吨二氧化碳当量,超过了48吨二氧化碳当量的全球标准。

“镍行业,尤其是冶炼厂需要煤炭提供稳定可靠的热量,但取代煤炭既困难又耗时。”印尼国家发展规划部能源资源、矿产和采矿主管Nizhar Marizi表示:“这是我们首先要制定该行业减排路线图的原因。”

WRI印尼气候、能源、城市和海洋项目副主任Almo Pradana说,制定脱碳路线图的第一步是绘制行业的排放轨迹,然后识别脱碳路径,以及寻求资金来源。他补充说:“当然,印尼不可能独自完成这项工作,需要国际支持。”

但政府尚未对印尼快速增长的镍矿贸易进行脱碳成本核算。


自备煤电厂为镍贸易提供动力的讽刺意味

印尼规划镍下游的脱碳路线图是重要的第一步,监管方面的变革也迫在眉睫。


今年2月,印尼推出了经修订的“分类法” 及绿色投资规则手册,将那些为镍冶炼厂提供动力的燃煤电厂(即自备煤电厂)归为绿色经济转型的一部分,此举令环保人士感到震惊。


能源与清洁空气研究中心(CREA)和全球能源监测(GEM)2023年的报告显示,印尼23.7%的电力由自备电厂提供,其中67%的发电量用于镍冶炼项目。


过去十年,印尼自备煤电厂的数量急剧增加,增速是全球平均水平的五倍,这与印尼的镍下游发展雄心一致。


印尼环保组织WALHI最近发布的一份报告估计,在印尼镍贸易的主要中心苏拉威西岛中部的莫罗瓦利,燃煤发电厂的装机总量达到8345兆瓦。该组织还预测,这些发电厂要到2027-2028年才能达到最高产能。居住在发电厂附近的村民报告了呼吸道感染和皮肤病。


印尼自备煤电厂的气候污染轨迹与印尼向《巴黎协定》提交的国家自主贡献目标(NDC)中提到的到2030年减排29%的目标相悖。然而,旨在削减印尼煤电装机容量的2012年第 112 号总统条例的颁布并没有对镍行业的自备电厂进行监管。


专家们表示,除了脱碳的工作,印尼政府还需要修订镍矿开采和下游行业的法规。2020年对矿产和煤炭法的最新修订将所有采矿事务移交给了中央政府。然而,中央政府尚未建立起完善的矿业监管体系。这意味着地方和地区当局可以逃避对采矿违规行为的责任。


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Indonesia pledges nickel industry decarbonisation as social and biodiversity concerns linger


Indonesia has hatched a plan to reduce emissions from its coal-powered nickel trade amid growing scrutiny of its downstreaming policy. Environmentalists worry that the plan glosses over the impact of the booming trade on forests, biodiversity and local communities.


Indonesia produces nearly half of the world’s nickel, a mineral in hot demand to produce renewable energy technologies. The country’s dominance over nickel production is set to grow further. Newly elected president, Prabowo Subianto is pursuing an aggressive nickel downstreaming policy as he eyes 8 per cent economic growth when he takes office.


However, downstreaming – that is, moving beyond extraction to process raw materials into semi-finished products – faces a plethora of environmental, social, and labour challenges, and Indonesian policymakers are responding to pressure to reduce the impact of the industry’s growth ambitions.


The Indonesian Ministry of National Development Planning and climate think tank World Resources Institute Indonesia plan to launch a nickel decarbonisation roadmap early next year.  


This roadmap is part of the 2025-2029 National Medium-Term Development Plan, which aims to integrate environmental, social and governance (ESG) principles into industry downstreaming. One key target is to reduce emissions from the nickel industry by 90 per cent by 2050. It also aims to expand employment opportunities in renewable energy and provide incentives for green industries. 


Currently, Indonesia’s nickel industry emits 58.6 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) per tonne of nickel, exceeding the global standard of 48 tCO2e per tonne. 


“This industry [nickel] uses coal because it needs consistent and reliable heat, especially for smelters. Replacing it will be difficult and time-consuming. That is why our priority is to create a roadmap for reducing emissions in this sector,” stated Nizhar Marizi, director of energy resources, mineral and mining at the Indonesian Ministry of National Development Planning. 


The first step will be to map out the emissions trajectory of the industry, then plan how to decarbonise the trade and how to finance these efforts, said Almo Pradana, deputy programme director for climate, energy, cities, and the ocean for World Resources Institute Indonesia. “Of course Indonesia cannot do it alone; international support is needed,” he added.


The government has yet to put a cost on decarbonising Indonesia’s fast-growing nickel trade.


The irony of captive coal plants powering the nickel trade


While a roadmap to decarbonise Indonesia’s downstreaming plan is an important first step, regulatory changes are urgently needed too.


In February, Indonesia launched a revised “taxonomy” or green investment rulebook that categorised coal-fired power plants that power nickel facilities – known as captive coal plants – as part of the green economy transition, a move that has alarmed environmentalists.


A 2023 report by Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) and the Global Energy Monitor (GEM) revealed that 23.7 per cent of Indonesia’s electricity generated from power plants was captive, with 67 per cent of this capacity used in nickel smelter projects.


The number of captive coal power plants in Indonesia has also skyrocketed in the last 10 years, growing at five times the rate of the global average, in line with the country’s nickel downstreaming ambitions.


Meanwhile, a recent report by WALHI, an Indonesian environmental organisation, estimated that the total capacity of coal-fired power plants would reach 8,345 megawatts in Morowali, Central Sulawesi, a major centre for the nickel trade. The group also predicted that these plants would not reach peak capacity until 2027-2028. Villagers living near the plants have reported respiratory infections and skin diseases. 


The climate pollution trajectories of Indonesia’s captive coal plants contradicts the country’s target of cutting emissions by 29 per cent by 2030, as outlined in its nationally determined contributions to the Paris Agreement. However, the issuance of Presidential Regulation 112 of 2012, a law designed to curtail coal-fired power capacity in Indonesia, does not regulate captive plants in the nickel industry. 


Beyond decarbonisation efforts, Indonesia’s government needs to revise regulations for nickel mining and downstreaming, experts stated. The latest amendment to the law on minerals and coals in 2020 shifted all mining affairs to the central government. However, the central government does not yet have an adequate monitoring system for the mining sector. This has meant that local and regional authorities can avoid responsibility for mining violations, while experts point to Indonesia’s permissive legal culture that has a tendency to let violators off the hook.  



本文 2024 年 6 月 28 日发布于 Eco-business。文章仅代表作者观点,不代表本公众号立场。

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封面图源:Rabul Sawal/Mongabay Indonesia

翻译 审校/韩迪 汪燕辉    编辑/包林洁

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