IEA:全球关键清洁技术市场规模将增至三倍,超过2万亿美元

文摘   2024-11-08 18:54   北京  



日前,国际能源署(IEA)发布了最新的旗舰技术刊物——《能源技术展望2024》(ETP-2024),该报告重点关注了六大大规模制造的清洁能源技术的前景:太阳能光伏风力涡轮机电动汽车电池电解器热泵。根据目前的政策设定,这些技术的全球市场规模将从2023年的7000亿美元增至2035年的2万亿美元以上,接近近年来全球原油市场的价值。同时,清洁技术贸易预计也将大幅增长。预计在十年后,清洁技术贸易额将增至三倍以上,达到5750亿美元,比目前全球天然气贸易额高出50%以上。


报告还对钢铁和铝等关键材料进行了研究,为政策制定者提供了一个首创的分析框架,帮助其在应对清洁能源制造和贸易的动态复杂局面时做出决策。报告基于新收集的自下而上的数据集和基于各国政策的定量模型,描绘了清洁能源制造和贸易的现状,以及它们的演变路径。同时探讨了处于不同发展阶段的国家如何从新兴能源经济中获益,并努力确保安全和具有成本效益的清洁能源转型。


报告认为,正在兴起的新能源经济为那些寻求生产清洁技术、其零部件和相关材料的国家带来了重大机遇。但同时也给各国政府决策带来挑战,它们需要权衡其工业和贸易政策中的复杂关系。一方面,政府必须致力于运作良好的市场和具有成本效益的清洁能源转型;另一方面,政府必须建立安全、有弹性的清洁技术供应链。这就需要在产业选择、贸易关系构建以及在优先创新领域等方面做出艰难决定。


当务之急:
把握清洁能源制造技术的经济机遇

2015年至2023年期间,全球六类大规模制造的清洁能源技术--太阳能光伏、风能、电动汽车(EV)、电池、电解器和热泵--的市场价值增长了近四倍,超过了7000亿美元,约为当年全球天然气总产值的一半。这些增长主要来自于清洁技术部署的激增,尤其是电动汽车、太阳能光伏发电和风能。在目前的政策环境下,到2035年,这些清洁技术的市场规模将增至三倍,超过2万亿美元,接近近年来全球原油市场的平均价值。


全球迎来清洁技术制造投资浪潮,
许多新工厂正在建设中

2023年,全球清洁技术制造业投资增长50%,达到2350亿美元,相当于世界经济投资增长的近10%。其中,五分之四的清洁技术制造业投资用于太阳能光伏和电池制造,电动汽车工厂占另外的15%。新增的制造产能大大超过了当前的部署水平。尽管最近有一些太阳能光伏和电池制造项目被取消或推迟,但2024年清洁技术制造设施的投资仍将接近近期创纪录的水平,约为2000亿美元。  

图1  清洁能源技术制造能力不断扩大



钢铁、铝和氨等材料的重要性与日俱增

钢铁和铝是清洁技术制造以及应用这些技术的建筑、车辆和发电厂的直接原材料。同时,氨主要用于制造化肥,并作为燃料在航运和电力行业得到新兴应用。目前,人们正竞相将以接近零排放的方式生产钢铁、铝和氨,并将这些关键技术推向市场。在到2050年实现净零排放的情况下,部署这些技术平均每年需要超过800亿美元的投资。不过,潜在市场要大得多,2050年的市场规模有望达到约1.2万亿美元,足以取代当前很大一部分的材料市场。即使按照目前的政策设定,到2035年,近零排放材料的市场规模也将超过目前太阳能光伏组件的市场规模。

图2  关键材料的近零排放制造能力


清洁技术供应链高度依赖贸易,
未来仍将如此

清洁技术的贸易额约为2000亿美元,占其全球市场价值的近30%。其中最大的因素是电动汽车贸易——自2020年以来翻了一番,按价值计算,2023年将达到所有汽车贸易的五分之一左右,其次是太阳能光伏。在目前的政策环境下,到2035年,清洁技术贸易总额有望达到5750亿美元,比目前全球天然气贸易额高出约50%。 


尽管其他国家正在实施产业战略,但根据目前的政策设定,到2035年,中国的清洁技术出口额将超过3400亿美元,相当于沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯联合酋长国2024年石油出口收入的总和。不过,基于清洁能源的部署速度和各国所采取的政策,世界各国仍有很大机会从清洁能源制造和贸易增长中获益。


随着能源行业的转型,以及能源相关贸易向清洁技术的转移,这将会产生长期影响。相比化石燃料,进口清洁技术则会带来持久的能源设备存量。


欧盟贸易平衡的预计变化有助于说明这种转变的后果。根据目前的政策设定,到2035年,欧盟化石燃料和清洁能源技术的净进口额将达到约4000亿美元。但其进口总额将向更高的清洁能源技术份额倾斜,从2023年的不到10%增加到2035年的35%。


成本竞争力是制造业投资的重要驱动力,
但不是唯一驱动力

在不考虑政府明确的财政支持的情况下,中国目前是本报告所考虑的关键清洁能源技术的最廉价生产地。在美国生产太阳能光伏组件、风力涡轮机和电池技术的成本平均高出40%,在欧盟高出45%,在印度高出25%。


成本竞争力是中国如今在清洁技术制造领域占据优势地位的关键因素。与其他国家相比,中国拥有更大的规模经济、更大的国内市场以及技术供应链上高度整合的企业和设施。然而,国际能源署(IEA)在本报告中,对清洁技术和材料供应链上的50多家主要制造商进行的调查显示,除成本外,还有其他因素影响着投资决策。这些因素包括各种形式的政策支持、市场准入、工业基础的技能和知识以及基础设施等。


完备的产业和贸易政策对
加速清洁能源转型至关重要 

能源政策和产业政策目标之间的矛盾和权衡意味着,正确的政策措施对于清洁能源转型至关重要。贸易措施(包括关税和非关税措施)已经增加了清洁技术的成本。今天,对太阳能光伏组件征收100%的关税将抵消过去五年来技术成本的下降。


精心设计的产业战略可以帮助缩小竞争力差距,或更快实现前沿创新,但需要仔细考虑这些战略与贸易政策措施之间的相互作用。同时,在制定贸易政策时,需要考虑它们在新的清洁能源经济中的作用,以及其对当今工业竞争力的意义。这些政策没有单一的良方可循,但本次报告中的分析旨在帮助推动这一领域的讨论向前发展。


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Global market for key clean technologies set to triple to more than $2 trillion over the coming decade as energy transitions advance


The rapid uptake of clean energy technologies offers major opportunities for countries looking to manufacture and trade them but also presents challenging decisions for governments, which face tensions and trade-offs based on the industrial and trade policies they opt to pursue, according to a new IEA report out today.

Energy Technology Perspectives 2024 (ETP-2024) – the latest instalment of the IEA’s flagship technology publication – focuses on the outlook for the top six mass-manufactured clean energy technologies: solar PV, wind turbines, electric cars, batteries, electrolysers and heat pumps. Based on today’s policy settings, the global market for these technologies is set to rise from $700 billion in 2023 to more than $2 trillion by 2035 – close to the value of the world’s crude oil market in recent years. Trade in clean technologies is also expected to rise sharply. In a decade's time, it more than triples to reach $575 billion, more than 50% larger than the global trade in natural gas today.

The report, which also looks at key materials like steel and aluminium, provides a first-of-its-kind analytical framework for policymakers as they navigate the dynamic and complex landscape of clean energy manufacturing and trade. Built on a newly assembled bottom-up dataset and quantitative modelling based on countries’ policies, ETP-2024 maps out the current state of clean energy manufacturing and trade and how they are set to evolve. In doing so, it explores how countries at different stages of development can capture the benefits of the emerging energy economy while seeking to ensure secure and cost-effective clean energy transitions.

Three strategic areas of public policy – energy, industry and trade – are increasingly interwoven

The new energy economy that is emerging presents major opportunities for countries looking to manufacture clean technologies, their components and related materials. But it also presents challenging decisions for governments, which face tensions and trade-offs based on the industrial and trade policies they opt to pursue.  

Governments must reconcile their commitment to well-functioning markets and cost-effective clean energy transitions, on the one hand, with the need to establish secure, resilient clean technology supply chains, on the other. This involves tough decisions around choosing which industries to support, how to structure trading relationships and where to prioritise innovation efforts.  

The 2024 edition of Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) – which serves as the world’s clean energy technology guidebook – maps out the evolving role of manufacturing and international trade as energy transitions advance, supporting decision-making in these areas. ETP-2024 is the first analysis of its kind to do so with granular sectoral detail across supply chains, based on a unique bottom-up dataset and a quantitative assessment of countries’ industrial strategies. 

The sizeable economic opportunities associated with manufacturing clean energy technologies are a top priority for government and industry

The global market value for the key six mass-manufactured clean energy technologies – solar PV, wind, electric vehicles (EVs), batteries, electrolysers and heat pumps – grew nearly fourfold between 2015 and 2023, when it surpassed USD 700 billion, or around half the value of all the natural gas produced globally that year. Growth has been driven by surging clean technology deployment, particularly for EVs, solar PV and wind. Under today’s policy settings, the market for these clean technologies is set to nearly triple by 2035 to more than USD 2 trillion. This is close to the average value of the global crude oil market in recent years.

A major wave of investment in manufacturing clean technologies is underway, with many new factories being built across the world

Global investment in clean technology manufacturing rose by 50% in 2023, reaching USD 235 billion. This increase is equal to nearly 10% of the growth in investment across the entire world economy. Four-fifths of the clean technology manufacturing investment in 2023 went to solar PV and battery manufacturing, with EV plants accounting for a further 15%.  

The amount of manufacturing capacity being added has been comfortably outpacing current deployment levels. Despite some recent cancellations and postponements of solar PV and battery manufacturing projects, investment in clean technology manufacturing facilities is set to remain close to its recent record levels, at around USD 200 billion in 2024.   

Materials such as steel, aluminium and ammonia are growing in importance

Steel and aluminium are direct inputs for clean technology manufacturing, as well as for the buildings, vehicles and power plants in which such technologies are deployed. Meanwhile, ammonia is mostly used to make fertilisers, with emerging applications as a fuel in the shipping and power sectors.

The race to bring to market crucial technologies to produce steel, aluminium and ammonia with near-zero emissions is underway. The deployment of these technologies requires an average of over USD 80 billion per year of investment through to 2050 in a scenario compatible with reaching net zero emissions by the same year. Yet the potential market is much larger. By 2050, it is poised to reach around USD 1.2 trillion, supplanting significant chunks of the existing markets for these materials. Even under today’s policy settings, the market for near-zero emissions materials exceeds the size of the current market for solar PV modules by 2035.

Clean technology supply chains are highly dependent on trade, and will continue to be in the future

At around USD 200 billion, the value of trade in clean technologies is nearly 30% of their global market value. The biggest element is trade in electric cars – which has doubled since 2020, reaching around one-fifth of trade in all cars in 2023 in value terms – while solar PV is in second place. Under today’s policy settings, overall clean technology trade is on track to reach USD 575 billion by 2035, around 50% more than the current value of global trade in natural gas.  

Despite the ongoing implementation of industrial strategies in other countries, the value of China’s clean technology exports is set to exceed USD 340 billion in 2035, based on today’s policy settings. This is roughly equivalent to the projected oil export revenue of both Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates combined in 2024. However, there are still strong opportunities for countries all over the world to enjoy the benefits of increased clean energy manufacturing and trade, depending on the pace of clean energy deployment and the policies adopted.

As the energy sector transforms and energy-related trade shifts towards clean technologies, there will be long-term implications. While supplies of fossil fuels need to be replenished as soon as they are consumed, importing clean technologies results in a durable stock of energy equipment. For comparison, a single journey by a large container ship filled with solar PV modules can provide the means to produce as much electricity as would be generated from the natural gas onboard more than 50 large liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers, or from coal onboard 100 large ships. 

Projected changes in the European Union’s trade balance help illustrate the consequences of this shift. Based on today’s policy settings, the bloc’s net imports of fossil fuels and clean energy technologies is set to reach around USD 400 billion in 2035. But its total import bill is poised to tilt towards a higher share of clean energy technologies, from less than 10% in 2023 to 35% in 2035, at the expense of fossil fuels. This could have a positive impact on energy resilience.

Cost competitiveness is an important driver of manufacturing investment, but not the only one

China is currently the cheapest location for manufacturing the key clean energy technologies considered in this report, without taking into account explicit financial support from governments. It costs up to 40% more on average to produce solar PV modules, wind turbines and battery technologies in the United States, up to 45% more in the European Union, and up to 25% more in India.  

Cost competitiveness is a key factor explaining China’s outsized role in clean technology manufacturing today. Relative to other countries, it has greater economies of scale, a larger domestic market and highly integrated firms and facilities along the supply chain for these technologies. However, an IEA survey of more than 50 major manufacturers across clean technology and material supply chains for ETP-2024 reveals the other factors, besides cost, that influence investment decisions. These include various forms of policy support, access to markets, skills and knowledge in the industrial base, and infrastructure.   

Well-designed industrial and trade policies will be crucial for clean energy transitions to continue gathering pace 

The tensions and trade-offs between the goals of energy and industrial policies mean that getting policy measures right is essential for clean energy transitions. Trade measures – including both tariffs and non-tariff measures – already increase the cost of clean technologies. A 100% tariff on solar PV modules today would cancel out the decline in technology costs seen over the past five years.  

Well-designed industrial strategies can help address competitiveness gaps or reach the innovation frontier sooner, but their interplay with trade policy measures needs careful consideration. Meanwhile, trade policies need to be designed with a view to their role in the new clean energy economy and what they mean for industrial competitiveness today. There is no single recipe to follow for these policies, but the analysis presented in ETP-2024 is designed to help move the debate in this area forward.  




本文 2024 年 10 月发布于Iea。文章仅代表作者观点,不代表本公众号立场。

封面图源:iStock

翻译 审校/韩迪 吕雅宁     编辑/包林洁

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