《亚洲法与社会杂志》2024年第1期杂志内容提要

Tang In Lao，澳门大学社会学系

徐建华，澳门大学社会学系

Abstract:The past two decades have witnessed Macao’s development into the casino capital of the world. Casinos have significantly transformed all respects of Macao society—a phenomenon termed as the casinoization of Macao. While much research has explored how casinoization has affected Macao’s socioeconomic developments, empirical research on the relationship between casinoization and law enforcement agencies is extremely limited. Using official statistics and interviews with serving and retired police officers as well as police applicants in Macao, this article examines the quick-money mentality, laissez-faire regulation, and the paradox of plenty, three features of casinoization, and their profound impact on the Macao police. First, the early phase of casino liberalization created a draining effect on human capital from the police force. Second, the lucrative casino tax revenues empowered the government to resolve the labour shortage issue and significantly improve the police image. Third, casinoization inadvertently reinforced the colonial legacy of laissez-faire regulation, hampering the progress of institutional reforms. Fourth, the decline of casino has contributed to the unprecedented “police fever” among the youth in Macao.

摘要：过去二十年见证了澳门发展成为世界赌场之都。赌场极大地改变了澳门社会的方方面面——这一现象被称为“澳门的赌场化”。虽然许多研究都探讨了赌场化如何影响澳门的社会经济发展，但有关赌场化与执法机构之间关系的实证研究却极为有限。本文通过官方统计数据和对澳门在职与退休警察以及警察应聘者的访谈，探讨了赌场化的三个特点——快钱心态、自由放任监管和富足悖论，以及它们对澳门警察的深远影响。首先，初期的赌场自由化造成了警队的人力资本流失。其次，赌场带来的丰厚税收使政府有能力解决劳动力短缺问题，并显著提升了警察形象。第三，赌场化无意中强化了作为殖民遗产的自由放任监管体制，阻碍了制度改革的进展。第四，赌场的衰落导致澳门年轻人群体中出现了前所未有的“警察热”。

Keywords:Casinos, police, Macao, post-colonialism, liberalization

关键词：赌场、警察、澳门、后殖民主义、自由化

文森特·程 （Vincent S. Cheng），香港理工大学应用社会科学系

Abstract:In Hong Kong, the percentage of older drug users has increased over the last two decades. However, the motivations behind their drug-use behaviours have received little research attention. This study focuses on older drug users who are enrolled in methadone treatment programmes but still use illicit drugs (mixed use). Some studies in the criminological literature and government discourse consider drug users to be passive and lacking self-control. However, in-depth interviews in with 25 older mixed users (aged over 50 years) in Hong Kong revealed that mixed use is one of the various strategies they actively employ to improve their self-perceived quality of life. Using the framework of the selective optimization with compensation model, this study (1) describes the strategies older mixed users adopt as active agents to improve their self-perceived quality of life while coexisting with their addiction; and (2) explains how these strategies were affected and constrained by Hong Kong’s prohibitionist drug policy. I infer that prohibitionist drug policies that emphasize on total drug abstinence may fail to cater to the needs of older drug users who have undergone several relapses and treatments in their lifetimes and do not think they can give up using drugs. This study also provides evidence to show how some drug users may act as active agents to manage and coexist with their addiction, and their agency seems to be constrained by the wider drug policy implemented in Hong Kong.

摘要：在过去二十年间，香港老年吸毒者的比例有所上升。然而，他们吸毒行为背后的动机鲜有研究关注。本文聚焦参加美沙酮治疗计划但仍（混合）使用非法药物的老年吸毒者。部分有关犯罪学文献和政府话语的研究认为，吸毒者是被动且缺乏自我控制能力的。然而，与25名香港老年混合吸毒者（50岁以上）的深入访谈显示，混合吸毒是他们为提高自评生活质量而积极采取的各种策略之一。本文使用带有补偿的选择性优化模型为框架，（1）描述了老年混合吸毒者作为积极行动者（通过）与毒瘾共存以提高自评生活质量的策略；（2）解释了这些策略如何受到香港禁毒政策的影响和制约。笔者推断，强调彻底戒毒的禁毒政策可能无法回应那些一生中经历过多次复吸和治疗且认为自己无法弃用毒品的老年吸毒者的需求。本文亦提供证据表明，部分吸毒者如何作为积极行动者来管理毒瘾并与毒瘾共存，但他们的能动性似乎受制于香港推行的愈发广泛的禁毒政策。

Keywords: substance abuse, older people, quality of life, drug rehabilitation, drug relapse

关键词：毒品滥用，老年人，生活质量，戒毒，复吸

Mao-hong Lin，台北大学犯罪学研究所

Abstract: Drawing on the theory of the legal opportunity structure, this article traces the progress of prison reform in Taiwan by highlighting how a case of parole revocation in the beginning led to an overhaul of the prison system in the end. This article argues that, through four interpretations of the Constitutional Court and the legal opportunity structure shaped thereby, including the split between courts, creation and expansion of inmates’ access to court, and the support from allies, the prison reform was eventually achieved. Theoretically, this article makes two contributions to the literature: (1) the combination of inactive legislature and reactive executive branch as the political context is decisive to the openness of the legal opportunity structure for it increases the receptivity of a proactive judiciary; (2) the international human rights frame incorporated into the legal stock by the Constitutional Court made the prison reform an ongoing process rather than a done work.

摘要：本文以台湾监狱改革的历程为线索，从法律机会结构的理论出发，着重论述了一个撤销假释案如何最终导致监狱制度的改革。本文认为，通过宪法法院的四项解释及其相应形成的法律机会结构，包括法院之间的分裂、囚犯诉诸法院的机会的创建和扩大，以及盟友的支持，监狱改革最终得以实现。从理论上讲，本文对文献有两点贡献：（1）作为政治背景的不活跃的立法机构和被动的行政部门的结合，对法律机会结构的开放性具有决定性作用，因为它增加了积极司法的可接受性；（2）宪法法院将国际人权框架纳入法律体系，这使监狱改革成为一个持续的过程，而不是一项已完成的工作。

Keywords:legal opportunity structure; access to court; legal framing; parole; prison litigation; human rights

关键词：法律机会结构；诉诸法庭；法律框架；假释；监狱诉讼；人权

Jianhua Xu（徐建华）工作单位：中国澳门特别行政区氹仔，澳门大学社会科学院社会学系

Guyu Sun（孙顾宇） 工作单位：美国马里兰州，马里兰大学帕克学院，犯罪学与刑事司法系

Sinan Wu 工作单位：江苏南京，南京大学法学院

Shangyi Zhu 工作单位：中国澳门特别行政区氹仔，澳门大学社会科学院社会学系

You Zhou 工作单位：澳大利亚维多利亚州墨尔本市，莫纳什大学社会科学学院

Abstract: Existing literature has highlighted the importance of recognizing health fraud offenders’ intentional manipulations of victims’ vulnerabilities. However, the manipulation tactics of health fraud have received little attention. This study aims to extend the current understanding of health fraud by incorporating the concept of emotional labour. Nested in the Chinese context, which owns the most populous ageing population, three sets of qualitative data were collected, including 13 semi-structured interviews, 233 judicial documents, and 197 media reports. The findings suggest that health fraud offenders utilized three types of emotional labour as means of committing crime: including the labour of anxiety relief, the labour of filial piety, and the labour of social networking. This article not only provides novel insights into understanding health fraud, but also contributes to introducing the concept of emotional labour in criminological and socio-legal studies.

摘要：现有文献已然强调，对于健康欺诈罪犯故意操纵受害者脆弱性的认识具有重要性。然而，健康欺诈的操纵策略却很少受到关注。本研究旨在通过纳入情感劳动的概念来扩展目前对健康欺诈的理解。本研究以拥有最多老龄人口的中国为背景，收集了三组定性数据，包括 13 个半结构式访谈、233 份司法文书和 197 篇媒体报道。研究结果表明，健康诈骗罪犯利用三种情感劳动作为犯罪手段：包括焦虑缓解劳动、孝道劳动和社交网络劳动。本文不仅为理解健康欺诈提供了新的见解，而且有助于在犯罪学和社会法学研究中引入情感劳动的概念。

Keywords: health fraud; emotional labour; vulnerability manipulation; older adults; China

关键词：健康欺诈；情感劳动；脆弱性操纵；老年人；中国

雷切尔·E·斯特恩（Rachel E. Stern)，伯克利法学院

本杰明·L·利伯曼(Benjamin L. Liebman)，哥伦比亚法学院

Wenwa Gao，哥伦比亚法学院

Xiahan Wu，加州大学圣迭戈分校，可持续发展学院政治科学系

Abstract: Empirical work consistently finds that Chinese courts resolve civil cases by finding a compromise solution. But beyond this split-it-down-the-middle tendency, when and how do Chinese courts arrive at decisions that feel “fair and just” in cases in which they invoke those ideas? Drawing on a data set of 9,485 tort cases, we find that Chinese courts impose liability on two types of parties with ethical, but not legal, obligation to victims: (1) participants in a shared activity and (2) those who control a physical space. In these cases, Chinese courts stretch the law to spread losses through communities and to acknowledge traumatic harm. Considering fairness, then, returns Chinese courts to their longstanding role as managers of communities who respond to misfortune by assigning legal responsibility to relationships that range from intimate to surprisingly tenuous.

摘要：实证研究一致发现，中国法院通过寻求折衷方案来解决民事案件。但除此种中间倾向之外，中国法院在援引这些观点的案件中，何时以及如何做出让人感觉“公平公正”的判决？通过对9485起侵权案件的数据分析，我们发现中国法院要求两种类型的当事人承担责任，他们对受害人负有道德义务，但不是法律义务：（1）共同活动的参与者和（2）控制物理空间的人。在这些案件中，中国法院对法律作一延伸，从而通过社群分散损失，并承认创伤性伤害。因此，对公平性的考虑使得中国法院回归了长期以来的社群管理者角色，他们通过将法律责任分配到从亲密到非常脆弱的各类关系中来应对不幸。

Keywords: China; Courts; Authoritarian legality; Socialist rule of law; Interpretive approaches

关键词：中国；法院；专制合法性；社会主义法治；解释性方法

中国法与社会研究院（CISLS），是依托凯原法学院成立的实体化校级跨学科研究平台。旨在探索中国式秩序和制度变迁的深层奥秘，借助经验科学和认知科学的方法考察超大规模社会、网络型社会、风险社会以及数据驱动社会的治理方式，为正确认识、理解、解释中国现象以及正确解答世界普遍性问题提供客观可靠的依据。