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《能源法》短评
在将近20年的筹备之后，中国的首部《能源法》终于在11月8日获全国人大通过。作为一部“领域法”，《能源法》的主要作用不是为了惩处能源生产者和消费者的具体违法行为，而是作为能源领域的“宪法”订立中国管理能源事务的基本原则，并对国务院和具体部门发布的下级行政法规起到规范作用。
《能源法》立法过程旷日持久，可能也和中国能源政策基本方针在近几年快速演变，逐渐向支持可再生能源方向发展有关。《能源法》第一条开宗明义，指出这部法律旨在保障国家能源安全，并积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和。虽然表述简洁，且并未设置有关罚则，这依然是中国法律中首次写入“双碳”目标。为此，《能源法》指出，要推进非化石能源“安全可靠有序”替代化石能源。
《能源法》也响应二十届三中全会号召，强调继续推动能源市场化改革，使用多种管理机制促进建立主要由经济因素决定的价格形成机制。这其中就包括需求侧响应和阶梯电价等，其应用有可能逐渐从工商业到居民用能扩展。
整体来看，与近两年能源领域政策和行政规范相比，《能源法》并未带来明显的突破或是倒退。接下来，业界应重点关注有关部门是否会清理现存与《能源法》有冲突的法律法规，以保障能源转型和能源安全。
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Quick take on China’s Energy Law
After nearly two decades of preparation, China’s Energy Law was formally adopted by the National People’s Congress on 8 November. This legislation goes beyond the usual regulatory actions that target energy producers and consumers – it is a full-on industrial ‘constitutional’ framework, establishing core principles for managing energy production and consumption nationwide. The new law will hold a higher position in the policy hierarchy than any previous documents issued by the State Council or its ministries.
The extended deadline for finalising the draft may have been explained by the need for legislators to align their work with the central government’s long-term energy strategy, which had significantly advanced toward renewable energy in recent years. The Energy Law’s opening article declares its overarching objectives – ensuring national energy security and promoting the twin goals of peak carbon emissions and, ultimately, neutrality. Despite the simplicity of its wording, and the absence of relevant penalties, this is the first time that the ‘dual carbon’ targets have been formally enshrined in Chinese law. To realise these objectives, the transition to renewable energy must be prioritised, with the replacement of fossil fuels taking place in a ‘secure, reliable, and orderly’ manner.
The law emphasises the continued implementation of various regulatory mechanisms to deepen market reform in the energy sphere, enabling economic considerations to play a more prominent role in price discovery and shaping consumer behaviour – goals that align closely with the reform roadmap announced at the Third Plenum of the CPC in July. These measures include, notably, demand response and tiered pricing for electricity, the application of which may gradually be extended from industrial users to households.
Overall, the Energy Law presents no unexpected elements, either positive or negative. The next step will be to revise existing regulations and address any clauses that may contradict the Energy Law. These developments will help to advance the national energy security and transition agenda over the long term.
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This material has been prepared by Sandpiper, a strategic communications and public affairs consultancy, in the belief that it is fair and not misleading. The information upon which this material is based was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but has not been independently verified; we do not guarantee its accuracy. This communication is being provided for informational purposes only.
