编者按:
2024年12月,《Nurse Education Today(今日护理教育)》发布了最新特刊《Current Trends in Nurse Education – Asia(护理教育的当前趋势 – 亚洲篇)》。这是该刊首次以地理区域为范围,对亚洲地区作者自2019年至2024年的发表论文进行梳理与总结,回顾性选择40篇代表性文章,展现亚洲地区护理教育研究现况和趋势。文章选择和分析方面,尽可能平衡了区域内来自中、低收入国家和高收入国家的发表论文和作者数量,虽未采用经典的文献计量学分析但更好地关注到因发表数量较少而常被忽视的议题和群体。本期特刊客座编辑为香港大学李嘉诚医学院护理学院李全磊博士、张淑婷博士,同时配发了特刊社论《Nurse education in Asia: A microcosm of the changing world(亚洲护理教育:变革世界的缩影)》。
经由原作者提供中文翻译,现将该期特刊社论提供给各位护理同仁,并预祝2025年新年快乐、平安顺遂、学业进步、事业精进。
关键词:
护理教育,护理,护士,护生,亚洲
1. 引言
亚洲是地球上面积最大的大洲,约占全球陆地面积的30%,并拥有全球近60%的人口(World Bank,2024a)。亚洲以其语言、文化、民族和社会经济背景的极大多样性为特点,共同塑造了一个复杂且充满活力的环境,同时深刻影响着其卫生保健系统。
亚洲国家面临双重健康挑战,反映了亚洲范围内巨大的经济和发展差异(World Health Organization, 2024)。区域内很多中、低收入国家依然在应对传统公共卫生威胁,如传染病、营养不良和卫生服务短缺。而高收入国家和新兴经济体则日益面临新发健康议题的挑战,如非传染性疾病的逐渐高发、人口老龄化以及心理健康问题。健康挑战之外,亚洲一些地区的社会动荡、冲突和人道主义危机加剧了公共卫生紧急事件,进一步加重区域内外卫生保健系统的压力(World Bank,2024b)。这些危机与持续的公共卫生挑战交织在一起,凸显了建立具有韧性与适应性的医疗卫生队伍的紧迫性,尤其是护理专业。正因如此,亚洲护理教育与培训,至关重要。护理教育应积极面对这些多样且动态的挑战,培养能够应对中、低收入国家传统公共卫生威胁以及高收入国家新发健康议题的护士。护理教育者能否适应、创新和培养高质量护理人才,将深刻影响整个区域的医疗卫生发展。
《Nurse Education Today(今日护理教育)》作为护理教育领域的引领期刊之一,首次推出亚洲护理教育主题特刊。本期特刊是一次开创性尝试,凸显亚洲护理教育领域的趋势、挑战与创新。通过聚焦亚洲,全面呈现该区域在护理教育方面的独特贡献,作为全球医疗卫生和护理教育变革的缩影。特刊所选文章不仅反映了亚洲护理教育体系的多样性,也展现了不同教育体系如何适应飞速变化的科学技术、社会经济和公共卫生环境。
2. 文章概要
在自2019年至2024年由亚洲作者发表的700多篇文章中,共有40篇文章被精心挑选而出。纳入文章的总结并非是对《Nurse Education Today(今日护理教育)》中所有符合条件的文章所做的文献计量学分析,而是提供独特机会关注那些可能在文献计量学分析中因发表数量较少而常被忽视的议题与边缘群体。
本期特刊纳入研究涉及亚洲范围内广泛国家或地区(n = 29),包括17个中、低收入国家(占58.6%),如孟加拉国、斯里兰卡、印度、泰国和中国,以及12个高收入国家(占41.4%),如新加坡、日本、韩国、沙特阿拉伯和卡塔尔。文章作者来自21个国家或地区,57.5%(40篇中的23篇)由高收入国家作者发表。四篇文章作者接受邀请,使用各自优先语言为当地读者提供论文翻译版,包括繁体中文和简体中文(Choi等,2023;Shih & Lu,2024)、法语(Koto-Shimada等,2022)和印尼语(Subu等,2022)。此举旨在增强研究的本土及全球影响力。
所纳入的实证研究(n = 32)采用了多种研究方法,包括横断面调查(n = 10,占31.3%)、类实验研究(n = 5,占15.6%)、随机对照试验(n = 3,占9.4%)、队列研究(n = 1,占3.1%)、质性研究(n = 8,占25.0%)、混合方法研究(n = 4,占12.5%)以及实施科学研究(n = 1,占3.1%)。此外,还包括一篇社论和七篇综述文章,涵盖系统综述、范围综述、meta分析以及传统文献综述。
仅为分析讨论需要,本文构建七个类别以反映所选文章涉及的健康议题、新兴科技和专业能力。由于一篇文章可能涉及多个类别的不同主题,分类时基于其最为突出的特征计数1次。七个类别具体为:(1)创新学习与教学策略(n = 9,占22.5%);(2)公共卫生与突发事件(n = 8,占20.0%);(3)社会文化议题(n = 7,占17.5%);(4)虚拟现实(n = 6,占15.0%);(5)护理专业胜任力(n = 5,占12.5%);(6)人工智能与ChatGPT(n = 3,占7.5%);(7)全球健康研究(n = 2,占5.0%)。
3. 综合与讨论
3.1创新学习与教学策略
本类别下的研究显示了护理教育中需要改进的若干方面,例如护生的电子健康素养不足和护理课程中缺乏电子健康技能培训(Rathnayake & Senevirathna, 2019),以及开发和使用移动健康应用程序用于护士教育和患者教育的复杂性及获益的不确定性(Stone et al., 2020)。研究人员发现了若干创新教学策略的潜在收益,例如:结合线下面授与大规模开放在线课程的学习方法可提升学生参与度(Jia et al., 2019);高仿真模拟与预指导结合的方式可促进同伴协作(Tong et al., 2022);引导性互惠同伴提问策略可提升批判性思维能力(Rashwan et al., 2021);利用视频资源(如YouTube)可进一步提高学生参与度和教学效果(Margallo et al., 2023);反思性学习对话可强化临床推理能力(Almomani et al., 2021);幽默的运用可在认知和情感层面促进学生学习(Ali & Bardaie, 2023);推进护理学、信息学和工程学的跨学科培训可行且能促进实践(Yao et al., 2023)。总体而言,该些研究结果强调了采取多元化、科技化教学策略的实际意义,以更好地培养新一代护理专业人员,帮助其掌握为适应不断变化的医疗环境所需的技能与思维。
然而,亚洲范围内存在地理和政策方面的巨大差异。例如,与高收入国家如韩国相比,斯里兰卡护生在电子健康素养方面表现较低。中国大陆对某些国外网站(如YouTube)的访问限制对数字健康教育构成一定障碍;然而,本土文化相适的视频资源可成为行之有效的替代方案。
3.2公共卫生与突发事件
本类别下的研究强调了培养护生与护士必要能力以应对新发公共卫生挑战的重要性。生物恐怖主义应对是一项关键内容。韩国一项基于移动设备的培训项目显著提升了临床护士在该领域的知识、态度和能力(Chang & Kim, 2024),有利于提升准备度并为卫生保健人员教育提供宝贵经验,尤其是在日益复杂的地理、政治和全球动态背景下。另一项关键内容是灾害防备。在伊朗,通过虚拟社交网络的教育有效提升了急诊护士的灾害管理知识(Najafi Ghezeljeh et al., 2019)。然而,孟加拉国达卡的护士仅表现中等水平的灾害防备能力(Hasan et al., 2021),凸显了加强教育培训和将灾害教育纳入护理课程的必要性。新冠疫情对护理教育造成了重大冲击。两项多国研究显示,尽管亚洲区域的学生和教师对新的在线教学模式表示满意,但在学术诚信、实践技能和社交隔离等方面存在挑战(Kunaviktikul et al., 2022;Shorey et al., 2022)。提升学生心理统合感的干预措施有助于他们更好地应对疫情带来的压力。为应对其他公共卫生挑战,不同研究人员还探讨了护生在戒烟咨询方面的能力(Ho et al., 2022)、对难民的态度(Akca & Ayaz-Alkaya, 2023)以及管理亲密伴侣暴力的准备度(Shaqiqi et al., 2022)。融入社区服务并加强课程设置可提升学生在该些关键领域的知识、技能与准备度。总体而言,采用全面的教育方法至关重要,以培养护士应对各种新发公共卫生挑战。
3.3社会文化议题
本类别下的研究突显了在护理教育与实践中解决社会文化挑战和培养包容的重要意义。所涉及的挑战包括:护生为异性提供贴身照护时面临的性别困境(Mao et al., 2024),尤其面对特定宗教背景的患者时更为突出(Yellon & Yellon, 2022);性别刻板印象对男性护生选择护理职业的影响(Subu et al., 2022);护生、护士及护理教育者对边缘群体(如女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和跨性别同性恋)知识的匮乏与偏见(Aslan et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2022);护理课程中对安宁疗护内容覆盖不足(Eltaybani et al., 2021);肿瘤科护士预立医疗照护计划的准备不足(Shih & Lu, 2024)。该些研究结果强调了为护理教育者提供更多支持的重要性,以培养良好的护患关系,以及将包容性内容纳入护理教育课程来解决特定情境中的复杂社会文化议题。
3.4虚拟现实
虚拟现实相关研究强调了纳入虚拟现实教育与培训的潜力和考量。一项系统综述发现虚拟现实静脉注射训练对护生表现有积极影响,但对其在反应、行为和结果等方面的评估仍显不足(Kim et al., 2024)。另一项综述指出,采用低至中度沉浸的多次、短时、自定进度的虚拟现实训练可更为有效地提升护生的知识水平(Woon et al., 2021)。多项原始研究也显示了虚拟现实的优势。例如,一项关于气管切开照护的虚拟现实游戏应用程序的研究显示护生短期技能的提高(Bayram & Caliskan, 2019)。另一项研究中,Liaw等(2023)介绍了一种跨专业沟通培训的人工智能虚拟现实模拟系统的开发与评估,结果显示该项目提高了护生的知识和自我效能。Fung等(2023)发现,虚拟模拟和问题导向学习在提升学生临床能力和文化胜任力效果相当,并建议将两者结合以增加教学模式多样性。一项新加坡的转化研究通过实施科学方法,将虚拟现实教育纳入医学和护理课程,并识别了实施的促进因素和阻碍因素,均为在真实场景中推广实施的关键(Liaw et al., 2022)。该些研究结果显示,虚拟现实作为可靠教学手段具备显著提高护生能力的潜力。然而,要将证据有效转化为护理教育中的实际应用并推广,仍需进一步实施努力。
3.5护理专业胜任力
本类别下的研究强调了采取多种方法培养具备广泛技能与胜任力的护理专业人员的重要性。关键内容之一是灵性照护胜任力,正如一项研究表明,护生提供灵性照护的态度积极,但实际胜任力却较低(Al Qadire et al., 2024)。另一项关键内容是文化胜任力,该能力对于提升不同群体的照护质量至关重要(Lin & Hsu, 2020)。
诸多研究探讨了提升护士专业胜任力的不同方法。在一项比较伊朗和土耳其护理教育的综述中,Jahanpeyma等(2022)发现两国共同面临的挑战,例如招生问题和缺乏批判性思维发展,同时强调需要完善政策来解决该些问题,并借鉴护理教育领先国家经验。一项横断面研究发现影响亚洲国家毕业生多种护理及专业胜任力的因素包括国别、学业表现和偏好专科,为制定专门的教育方法提供了宝贵依据(Grande et al., 2022)。此外,一项在柬埔寨进行的研究强调了通过机构支持、社交协作和国家政策为护理教师提供持续专业发展机会的重要性(Koto-Shimada等,2022)。总体而言,该些研究凸显了构建支持性环境的重要意义,涵盖课程设计、精准培训、组织支持以及健全的政策框架,以促进护理胜任力在灵性、文化和专业领域的全面发展。
3.6人工智能与ChatGPT
本类别下的研究明确了人工智能,特别是ChatGPT,通过提供便捷、即时的知识获取途径在提升医疗服务和护理教育的广泛应用和巨大潜力(Choi等,2023;Makhlouf等,2024;Shorey等,2024)。然而,有作者也指出一些潜在问题,例如技术滥用的风险以及信息误导的可能。为解除该些顾虑,文章建议使用搭载最新且准确医疗知识的人工智能聊天机器人,以及制定指南和政策以确保人工智能在融入护理教育和医疗服务时兼顾效率与伦理。此外,文章也呼吁将该些技术融入医疗教育课程时,在完善传统教学方法的同时保留真人互动的关键环节。此种平衡后的策略在推动护理教育与研究时最大化人工智能和ChatGPT的优势,也可规避其潜在弊端。
3.7全球健康研究
聚焦于亚洲及全球范围内的全球健康能力与实践,本类别下的两项研究分别探讨了韩国护生在越南参与的短期服务学习项目(Lee等,2020)和非洲护理研究生在中国的教学项目(Tan等,2022)。研究结果强调,需要通过纳入培养学生全球健康能力的项目来加强护理教育,并让护生做好在多元文化环境中工作的准备,以便学生更好地理解和应对世界各地的医疗差异。文章作者(Lee等,2020;Tan等,2022)给出了实际启示,强调融入全球性的服务学习项目以增强学生应对复杂全球健康挑战的同理心、信心和准备度。这一全面化、全球化的护理教育策略,为培养能够解决跨国范围健康差异的卫生保健人员提供了巨大潜力。
4. 启示与结论
本期特刊“护理教育的当前趋势 – 亚洲篇”所收录的40篇文章揭示了亚洲护理教育的动态演变,突显了全球背景下的挑战与机遇。
融入虚拟现实和人工智能等创新教学法为护理教育提供了变革潜力。虚拟现实模拟和人工智能工具极大地提升了学生的学习参与度,也帮助护理专业人员培养批判性思维和先进技术技能。解决实施创新时的伦理与实践挑战,对于弥合理论知识与临床实践之间的鸿沟至关重要。
具有文化敏感性和包容性的护理课程在应对社会文化挑战时异常关键。针对边缘群体、性别相关阻碍因素以及灵性与文化照护胜任力不足,需采取有针对性的干预措施。将该些内容融入课程设计有助于在日益多元化的医疗环境中推进公平与专业。
全球健康能力和灾害防备亟需得到更多重视。有关生物恐怖主义应对、灾害培训和跨文化服务学习的研究凸显了加强护士适应力、同理心和准备度的巨大潜力,从而解决健康差异并在日益复杂且相互关联的全球环境中有效应对突发事件。
持续专业发展和政策改革是支持护理教师和临床护士的关键。机构支持、跨学科教育和循证策略对于提升护理教育和照护质量极其重要。未来研究应优先考虑长期效果的评估和解决特定地区的障碍,以促进有意义且可持续的创新。
亚洲护理教育作为变革世界的缩影,反映了更广阔的全球趋势,也为应对不断变化的医疗卫生挑战提供了重要启示。通过优先关注创新、包容和全球化应对能力,护理教育系统能够推动有意义且可持续的发展进步,最终改善世界范围的医疗卫生成果。
利益声明
无。
致谢
我们感谢Amanda Kenny教授(拉筹伯大学)和林佳静教授(香港大学)对本期特刊的宝贵意见和支持。我们感谢所有接受邀请并以其首选语言提供文章翻译的作者。我们还要感谢所有为推动亚洲及全球护理教育发展作出杰出贡献的研究人员。
参考文献
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