2023级《经济学人》导读 阶段二 | Suck up to your fake CEO

试想一下，视频画面中你的父母正在跟你分享他们的日常，而屏幕背后却是一个完全陌生的人在试图引诱你泄露自己的个人信息。随着“深度伪造技术”（Deepfake ）即“生成式对抗网络”（GAN）技术的发展，这样的假想已经成为了现实。与此同时，Deepfake伴随着的技术滥用日益严重，很大程度地影响了全球范围的网络安全。让我们一起走进数字世界，共同探索Deepfake的发展现状和其中的问题。

深度伪造技术（Deepfake），是指“生成式对抗网络”（GAN：Generative adversarial networks）的机器学习模型将图片或视频合并叠加到源图片或视频上，借助神经网络技术进行大样本学习，将个人的声音、面部表情及身体动作拼接合成虚假内容的人工智能技术。深度伪造最常见方式是AI换脸技术，此外还包括语音模拟、人脸合成、视频生成等。它的出现使得篡改或生成高度逼真且难以甄别的音视频内容成为可能，观察者最终无法通过肉眼明辨真伪。

Deepfake这一概念最早出现在2016年，一开始专指基于深度学习的人像合成技术，后来这一概念扩展到视频伪造、声音伪造、文本伪造和微表情合成等多模态合成技术 。2021年3月18日，国家互联网信息办公室、公安部针对未履行安全评估程序的语音社交软件和涉“深度伪造”技术的应用，指导部分地方网信部门、公安机关依法约谈11家企业.

Suck up to your fake CEO

对你的假总经理拍马屁

Suck.vt.表示” to take liquid, air, etc. into your mouth by using the muscles of your lips”吮吸；吸；咂；啜

Suck up to someone表示”to try to make someone in authority approve of you by doing and saying things that will please them”奉承，巴结（某人）;拍（某人）马屁。这个短语源自于一种形象化地表达，拍马屁，奉承别人的过程就像是在用过分热情的态度“吸取“别人的注意和好感，随着时间的推移，其中的贬义色彩逐渐加深。

CEO:首席执行官（Chief Executive Officer，简称：CEO）是一个职位名称，是在一个企业中负责日常事务的最高行政官员，又称作司政、行政总裁、总经理或最高执行长。这个说法起源于美国，美国《宪法》起草人之一亚历山大·汉密尔顿于美国独立后在纽约成立一家银行（即纽约银行），他找了专业经理人管理，因美国《宪法》称总统为“Chief Executive”（政府最高首长之意），于是他就把那人称“Chief Executive Officer”，加上“Officer”的原因是为了与总统作区别，这是世界上首次出现这个名词。

这里文字的表面意思是“对你的假总经理拍马屁“，我们也许会疑惑为什么要去奉承一位虚假的总经理呢？我们先不要着急，把这个问题放在心中。当你阅读完文章第一段便可以知道，这一切是出自一场新型网络诈骗，这句话中的”假总经理“是指通过深度伪造技术(Deepfake) 虚构的“电子总经理”。标题巧妙地将这种新型网络诈骗风趣诙谐地描述成拍马屁，暗含了这笔转出的巨款最终不翼而飞，正如拍马屁常常没结果一样。

1.How does Deepfake technology work?

Deepfake技术的原理是什么？

2.What anecdote did President Ferdinand Marcos experience before his speech?

总统费迪南德·马科斯在演讲前经历了什么轶闻趣事？

3.How do China and Singapore deal with the threat of fraud?

中国和新加坡应对诈骗威胁的手段是什么？

4.Why is this criminal ecosystem so hard to fight?

这一犯罪生态为什么难以对抗？

Overview

第一部分的逻辑是：

Describe a case→Introduce a new form of global fraud→Show the United Nations data report→Reflect the great harm

第一自然段开头以一个看似普通的电话会议开场“ On the screen, he saw several colleagues, including the firm's chief financial officer, who instructed him to transfer $26m to five different bank accounts. He complied. ”在屏幕上，一位员工看到包括公司首席财务官在内的几位同事，首席财务官指示他将2600万美元转移到五个不同的银行账户，他照做了。但最终的结果令人惋惜， “It was a deepfake.”那是一个深度伪造的视频。

第二自然段介绍了这种依靠“artificial intelligence ”AI, 通过“manipulates images and video ”操纵图像和视频在全球发展迅速的新型诈骗手法——“deepfake scams"深度伪造骗局。紧接着又给出了联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的报告中有关东亚和东南亚的受骗金额，同时指出柬埔寨在线诈骗行业的年产值”equivalent to around half the country's formal GDP"占其正式GDP的一半，展现了这种新型诈骗极大的危害性。

Text Explication

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1. It seemed like just another video call. Earlier this year, a finance worker based in Hong Kong for Arup ①, a British engineering firm, logged in for what he thought was a routine team meeting.  这看起来像是一次普通的视频通话。今年早些时候，一位在英国工程公司奥雅纳驻香港的金融工作者犯了傻，他以为这是一次例行的团队会议。      

Be based in someplace 表示“ a particular place, that is where they live or work, or where the work of the business is done" 在…居住（或工作）；基地（或总部）在…” 文中表示一位来自英国的工程师被派驻在了香港。

Base.vt.表示“to use a particular city, town, etc. as the main place for a business, holiday/vacation, etc.”以…为据点（或总部等）；把（总部等）设在...

eg: They decided to base the new company in York.

Logged in the meeting :登录会议

Log in: 登陆，注册

Log.vt. 表示“to put information in an official record or write a record of events” 把…载入正式记录；记录

Logged.adj.表示“moving or doing things in a very awkward way” 笨拙的

这里的用法很有意思，我们既可以理解成这位员工登陆了会议，也可以理解成他 “made a fool of oneself in the meeting” 会议中犯傻了。起初，在网络和社媒上如果有人发表了笨拙的言论就会有人开玩笑地评论“you are logged" 表示“你被记录下来了“即”你很笨拙”，于是“logged.adj.”便演变出了笨拙的意思。

Routine team meeting：例行小组会议

Routine.n.表示“the normal order and way in which you regularly do things” 常规；正常顺序

2. On the screen, he saw several colleagues, including the firm's chief financial officer ②, who instructed him to transfer $26m to five different bank accounts. 

在屏幕上，他看到了包括公司首席财务官在内的几位同事，首席财务官指示他将2600万美元转移到五个不同的银行账户。

Chief financial officer：首席财务官

Chief.adj.表示”most important” 最重要的；首要的；主要的

Instruct sb to transfer money:指示某人转账

Instruct.vt.表示“to tell sb to do sth, especially in a formal or official way"指示；命令；吩咐

Transfer.vt. ~ sth (to sb) 表示”to officially arrange for sth to belong to sb else or for sb else to control sth“ 转让；让与

3. He complied. But the man on the call was not Arup's CFO②: it was a deepfake.他照做了，但通话中的那个人并不是奥雅纳的首席财务官：那是一个深度伪造的视频。

Comply .vi. ~with sth表示 “to obey a rule or an order”遵从，服从

文中指这位员工服从了深度伪造的虚拟老板转账的指令。

Compliance.n.遵从，服从

4. It was one of the costliest deepfake scams reported globally. Such scams are increasingly common. Deepfake technology, which manipulates images and video using artificial intelligence (AI), has become increasingly realistic. 这是有史以来全球报告的最昂贵的深度伪造骗局之一。这类骗局越来越常见。利用人工智能（AI）操纵图像和视频的深度伪造技术已变得越来越逼真。

Costliest deepfake scams:最昂贵的深度伪造骗局

Costliest.adj.是costly的最高级形式，表示“costing a lot of money, especially more than you want to pay” 花钱多的；昂贵的；价钱高的

Synonym：expensive

Manipulates images and video:操纵图像和视频。文中表示深度伪造骗局利用AI通过操纵图像和视频来制造骗局。

Manipulate.vt.表示“to control or influence sb/sth,” 控制，操纵，影响

Realistic.adj.表示"things are like people and things in real life."（绘画、小说或电影）现实主义风格的，写实的，逼真的

文中表示这种深度伪造技术使得屏幕中的虚拟老板成像十分真实。

5. It is rapidly being adopted by transnational criminals mostly based in South-East Asia, now the epicentre of online scams targeting people around the world. 深度伪造技术正在被主要位于东南亚的跨国犯罪分子迅速采用，该地区现在成为了针对全球人民的在线诈骗的中心。

Be adopted by transactional criminals:被交易罪犯采用

Adopt.vt.表示“to start to use a particular method or to show a particular attitude towards sb/sth”采用（某方法）；采取（某态度）

Transactional.adj.交易的，业务的

Transact.vt.~(sth)(with sb)表示“(formal) to do business with a person or an organization”（与人或组织）做业务，做交易

Transaction.n.交易，业务

Criminal.n. 表示“a person who commits a crime”罪犯

Epicentre of online scams :网络诈骗的中心

Epicentre.n.同epicenter表示:震中，焦点。文中用来表示在线诈骗的聚焦点，强调地域性，像地震中心一样。

6. Victims in East and South-East Asia lost up to $37bn from online scams of all sorts in 2023, according to a new report from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ③, the first time that it has come up with an estimate. 根据联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的一份新报告，2023年，东亚和东南亚的受害者因各种在线诈骗损失高达370亿美元，这是该机构首次对此类损失进行估算。

Grammatical analysis:

主句:Victims in East and South-East Asia lost up to $37bn from online scams of all sorts in 2023. 其中“from online scams of all sorts in 2023”（在 2023 年从各种网络诈骗中）是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “lost up to $37bn”，说明损失的来源和时间范围。 “of all sorts”（各种各样的）是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “online scams”

介词短语作状语:"according to a new report from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime" 是介词短语作状语，说明这个信息的来源是根据联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的一份新报告。

时间状语:"the first time that it has come up with an estimate" ，“the first time” 可看作一个整体的时间概念，表示 “首次”。“that it has come up with an estimate” 中，“it” 指代 “the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime”（联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室），“has come up with” 是固定短语，表示 “提出”，“an estimate” 是宾语。这部分是针对前文所说的具体数据，整体说明这些数据是“联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室”首次做出的相关估计。由此可知这一问题危害之大，已经引起了联合国的注意。

Up to: 达到，接近于。文中指损失高达370亿美元。

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime come up with an estimate: 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室提出了一项估计

Come up  with 表示“to mention or discuss”提及，讨论。这里表示联合国毒品和犯罪工作室第一次对损失费数值进行估算。这里需要与我们常见的用法做区分，Come up with常表示 “想出了…提出了…” 类似的短语还有“think of”“devise”“generate”等

Estimate.n.表示“a judgement that you make without having the exact details or figures about the size, amount”（对数量、成本等的）估计；估价

7. According to the United States Institute for Peace④, a think-tank in Washington, Cambodia's online scam industry makes more than $12.5bn each year, equivalent to around half the country's formal GDP. 根据华盛顿的一个智库——美国和平研究所的数据，柬埔寨的在线诈骗行业每年产值超过125亿美元，约合该国正式GDP的一半。

The United States Institute for Peace:美国和平研究所

Institute.n.表示“an organization that has a particular purpose, especially one that is connected with education or a particular profession; the building used by this organization”（教育、专业等）机构，机构建筑

Think-tank.n.(尤指政府的)智囊团，智库

An equivalent to country's GDP:相当于该国的国内生产总值

Equivalent.n.~(to sth)表示“... equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc.”（价值、数量、意义、重要性等）相等的，相同的事物

GDP: Gross Domestic Product‌，国内生产总值

奥雅纳(Arup)工程顾问于1946年4月1日在英国伦敦成立，是全球最大、最成功的工程顾问公司之一。作为国际性多元化的工程顾问机构，提供总体规划、经济评估、可行性研究、具体设计、项目管理、施工监理等服务，涉及建筑、结构、岩土、土木、声学、环境、机电、防火、交通、幕墙等多个工程专业。在欧洲、非洲、中东、东南亚、澳洲及北美洲40多个国家设有92家分公司及办事处，拥有12000多名员工。

首席财务官（又称首席财务長或财务总监；英语：Chief Financial Officer，英文缩写：CFO）是在一个企业集团或财阀中负责财务的最高执行人员。财务总监必定是由企业的所有者或所有者代表来决定的。作为一名成功的 CFO 需要具备丰富的财务与金融理论知识和实务经验。是企业治理结构发展到一个新阶段的必然产物，也是公司核心人物，影响着公司全局。

联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室，简称联合国毒罪办、毒罪办，是联合国主管禁毒和预防犯罪事务的机构，建立于1997年。其由联合国药物管制规划署和国际预防犯罪中心合并而成，通过其广泛的外地办事处网络在世界各地开展工作，旨在领导全世界打击非法药物及国际犯罪。 此组织90%的预算资金来自于自愿捐款，其中大部分来自各国政府。

The United States Institute of Peace is a national, nonpartisan, independent institute, founded by Congress and dedicated to the proposition that a world without violent conflict is possible, practical and essential for U.S. and global security. In conflict zones abroad, the Institute works with local partners to prevent, mitigate, and resolve violent conflict.

美国和平研究所是一个全国性的、无党派的、独立的研究所，由国会创立，致力于一个没有暴力冲突的世界是可能的、现实的、对美国和全球安全至关重要的主张。在国外的冲突地区，研究所与当地伙伴合作，预防、减轻和解决暴力冲突。

Overview

第二部分的逻辑是：

Introduce new channels of scams to show how  scams are executed→ Show the Philippines' repeated policy on POGO and a Deepfake hoax to emphasize that this crime is prevalent in the Philippines→ Share the experiences of many celebrities to prove that wealthier areas are persecuted→ Give examples of malware scams to present a new challenge

这一部分先从整体局势对诈骗进行分析，然后从菲律宾的现状，部分较富裕国家的现状和新的挑战三个关注点对这种诈骗进行了具体的分析，从宏观到微观。

第三自然段是对诈骗的整体形势的概述。段首给出了第一个结论“Technologies are making scams even more effective”科技让诈骗变得更加有效，这是通过“sgenerative AI and machine learnng”生成性AI和机器学习等技术的帮助。紧接着给出了第二个结论“transnational crime are decentralised and democratised” 跨国犯罪被分散和民主化了，也就是说随着各种渠道的普及，通过“cryptocurrencies and social media”加密货币和社交媒体等的作用，每个人都有遭遇诈骗的可能。此后具体分析了犯罪分子如何让开展业务。

第四自然段通过菲律宾“legalized and banned POGO”合法化和禁止POGO的矛盾决策和一个有关菲律宾总统的“fabricated and malicious hoax”捏造的恶意的恶作剧，从较为宏观的角度来说明了这种犯罪经济"has particularly flourished in the Philippines"在菲律宾尤为盛行。

第五自然段则是通过两位“prominent Singaporeans”新加坡重要人物的伪造诈骗视频以及政客警告说明了“Wealthier countries in the region are also big targets” 较富裕的国家也是个明显的目标。

第六自然段为我们揭示了一种新的挑战——“Increasingly sophisticated malware”越来越复杂的恶性软件。一位女士听从指示下载后手机被病毒感染，骗子随即窃取了她的资金，这个例子使我们警觉，不得不关注恶意软件对信息的窃取。

Text Explication

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8. Technologies such as generative AI and machine learning are making scams even more effective. Meanwhile the rise of cryptocurrencies and spread of social media have decentralised and democratised transnational crime.

诸如生成性AI和机器学习等技术使诈骗活动更加有效。与此同时，加密货币的崛起和社交媒体的传播使跨国犯罪去中心化和民主化。

Cryptocurrency:加密货币(常常用复数Cryptocurrencies，又译密码货币，密码学货币）是一种使用密码学原理来确保交易安全及控制交易单位创造的交易媒介。加密货币是数字货币（或称虚拟货币）的一种, 比特币在2009年成为第一个去中心化的加密货币，这之后加密货币一词多指此类设计。

Decentralise and democratise transnational crime: 跨国犯罪去中心化和民主化

文中的意思是强调跨国犯罪逐渐增长的广泛性，通过不同的媒介，每个个体都暴露在了跨国犯罪下，都有中招的可能性。

Decentralise(ze).vt.表示将（工业、工人等）自集中点分散到较大的区域内，由否定前缀"de"和“centralize”构成

Centralize.vt.表示“to give the control of a country or an organization to a group of people in one particular place”集中控制，实行集中

Democratise(ze).vt.表示“to make a country or an institution more democratic”使民主化

Transnational.adj. 表示“existing in or involving many different countries (especially business)” 跨国的；多国的

9. The growing popularity of digital payments and e-commerce have made it easier for large sums of money to move rapidly outside the traditional banking system. Criminals now conduct their business over apps such as Telegram, WhatsApp and Facebook .数字支付和电子商务的日益普及使得大笔资金能够迅速在传统银行系统之外流动。犯罪分子现在通过Telegram，WhatsApp和Facebook等应用程序进行业务。

The growing popularity of digital payments and e-commerce: 数字支付和电子商务的日益普及

Popularity.n.［不可数名词］~(with/among sb)

表示“the state of being liked, enjoyed or supported by a large number of people”受欢迎；普及；流行

Digital payments:数字支付

E-commerce:电子商务，指在全球各地广泛的商业贸易活动中，在因特网开放的网络环境下，基于客户端／服务端应用方式，买卖双方不谋面地进行各种商贸活动。

Conduct business:做生意，进行业务

Conduct.vt.表示“to organize and/or do a particular activity” 执行；组织；安排；实施；

10. An individual or small team can specialise in one part of the supply chain: registering foreign SIM cards, selling stolen phone numbers or identifying targets on social media.个人或小团队可以专门从事供应链的一个部分：注册外国SIM卡、出售被盗手机号码或在社交媒体上确定目标。

Specialise(ze) in one part of the supply chain:专注于供应链的某一环节。文中用举例的方式说明了个人和团体能够通过哪些具体环节参与犯罪业务。

Specialise(ze).vi.(~in)表示“to become an expert in a particular area of work, study or business”专门研究（或从事）；专攻

Supply chain.供应链，是指生产及流通过程中涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户活动的上游与下游企业所形成的网链结构，可以理解成为产品生产过程中涉及的所有企业形成的结构。

SIM cards.即（Subscriber Identity Module）是‌GSM系统的移动用户所持有的IC卡‌，也称为“用户识别卡”或“客户识别模块”。GSM系统通过SIM卡来识别用户，同一张SIM卡可以在不同的手机上使用。GSM手机只有插入SIM卡后才能入网使用。‌

11. This new type of criminal economy has particularly flourished in the Philippines. In 2016 the government legalised online gambling hubs known as Philippine Offshore Gambling Operators (POGOs)⑤, which provide criminals with a convenient front to launder money. 这种新型的犯罪经济在菲律宾尤其繁荣。2016年，政府将在线赌博中心合法化，称为菲律宾离岸赌博运营商（POGOs），这为犯罪分子提供了一个方便的幌子来洗钱。

Criminal economy has flourished:犯罪经济蓬勃发展

Flourish.vi.表示“to develop quickly and be successful or common” 繁荣；昌盛；兴旺

这个词看起来跟"flower花朵"很相似，可以形象记忆，花朵盛开的样子就是一片繁荣昌盛的景象。

Synonym

 Thrive.vi.兴旺发达，繁荣

Legalised online gambling hubs :合法化的在线赌博中心

Legalise(ze).vt.表示“to make sth legal”使合法化

Gambling hubs: 赌博中心

Hub.n.(某地或活动)中心，轮毂

“Hub”这个词汇原本指的是轮毂，即轮子中心连接轮辐的部分，是轮子的核心部件。在轮子旋转时，轮毂起到了中心支撑点的作用，所有轮辐都连接到这个中心点上。随着语言的发展，“Hub”这个词义也发生了引申，逐渐被用于形容各种事物的中心或枢纽。

A convenient front to launder money:一个方便洗钱的幌子。文中指合法化的在线赌博中心为赃款提供了合法化的处理途径，实际上助长了犯罪。

Front.n.~ (for sth)这是个熟词僻译，常见的意思是“the part or side of sth that faces forward; the side of sth that you look at first”正面，而文中表示 “a person or an organization that is used to hide an illegal or secret activity”非法（或秘密）活动掩护者

Launder money: 洗钱

Launder.vt.表示“ to wash, dry and iron clothes, etc.”洗熨（衣物）。这个词的字面意思是“清洗”，就像清洗衣服上的污渍一样。在金融术语中，"洗钱"指的是将非法所得（通常是脏钱，即来源不明的或通过犯罪活动获得的钱）通过一系列复杂的金融交易转变为看似合法的资产。

12. Criminals, often from China, relocated there and began to dabble in cyber-enabled fraud, human-trafficking, kidnapping, extortion and money-laundering. In July Ferdinand Marcos, the president, banned POGOs during his annual state of the nation address. Hours before his speech, a deepfake circulated of him snorting cocaine. Philippine law enforcement debunked the clip as a "fabricated and malicious hoax".大多数犯罪分子都来自中国，他们纷纷迁往那里，开始涉足网络诈骗、人口贩卖、绑架、敲诈勒索和洗钱。7月，总统费迪南德·马科斯在他的年度国情咨文中禁止了POGOs。在他的演讲几小时前，一段他的深伪视频流传开来，视频中的他在吸食可卡因。菲律宾执法部门揭穿这段视频是“伪造且恶意的骗局”。

Relocate.vt.表示“to move or to move sb/sth to a new place to work or operate"（使）搬迁，迁移

Dabble in cyber-enabled fraud:涉足网络诈骗

Dabble.vt. ~ (in/with sth)表示“to take part in a sport, an activity, etc. but not very seriously” 涉猎；涉足；浅尝

Cyber-enabled fraud:网络诈骗

Extortion.n.表示“ the crime of obtaining something from someone, especially money, by using force or threats” 勒索

Money-laundering.n.洗钱，与上文中的“Launder money”同义。

A deepfake circulated of him snorting cocaine:他吸食可卡因的深度伪造视频广泛流传开来

Circulate.vt.表示“ to pass around among a group of people” 散发; 流传

Snore.vt.表示“to snort something through the nose”吸食

Debunked the clip as a "fabricated and malicious hoax:揭穿这段视频是“捏造的恶意恶作剧”

Debunk.vt.表示“ to show that an idea, a belief, etc. is false; to show that sth is not as good as people think it is”批判；驳斥；揭穿…的真相

Clip.n.表示“a short part of a film/movie that is shown separately” 电影片段,文中指总统被深度伪造的视频片段。

Fabricate.vt.表示“to invent false information in order to trick people” 编造；捏造。与“meke up" 同义。

Malicious.adj.表示“having or showing hatred and a desire to harm sb or hurt their feelings”怀有恶意的；恶毒的

Hoax.n.表示“an act intended to make sb believe sth that is not true, especially sth unpleasant”骗局；恶作剧

A deepfake of Lee Hsien Loong

13. Wealthier countries in the region are also big targets. Scams have surpassed more traditional crimes, such as burglary, to become the most common felony in Singapore. 该地区较富裕的国家也是主要目标。在新加坡，诈骗案件已超过更传统的犯罪，如入室盗窃，成为最常见的重罪。

Scams surpassed traditonal crimes:诈骗案件超过传统犯罪

Surpass.vt.表示“ to do or be better than sb/sth” 超过；胜过；优于

Burglary.n.表示“the crime of entering a building illegally and stealing things from it”入室偷盗罪。常见的表示“抢劫”的单词还有Robbery.n.表示“the crime of stealing money or goods from a bank, shop/store, person, etc., especially using violence or threats” 盗窃；抢劫；掠夺。简而言之前一个单词强调“入室”这个动作。后一个单词强调“暴力”这种方式。

Felony.n.表示“the act of committing a serious crime” 重罪；重刑罪

14. Several deepfake videos have been released of prominent Singaporeans, including the current and former prime ministers, promoting investment scams. Both politicians released statements warning the public about the falsehoods. 包括现任和前任总理在内的新加坡知名人士发布了几段深度造假视频，宣传投资骗局。两位政治家都发表了声明，警告公众注意这些谎言。

Several deepfake videos have been released of prominent Singaporeans:一些新加坡知名人士的深度造假视频已经发布

Release videos:发布视频

Release statements：发表声明

Release.vt.表示“to make sth available to the public”公开；公布；发布

Prominent.adj.表示'important or well known"重要的；著名的；杰出的

Promote investment scams:宣传投资诈骗。这里指犯罪分子通过深度伪造名流来实施自己的犯罪行为。

Promote.vt.表示“to help sell a product, service, etc. or make it more popular by advertising it or offering it at a special price”宣传；促销；推销

Falsehood.n.表示'the state of not being true; the act of telling a lie"虚假；说谎

15. Increasingly sophisticated malware is another challenge. In September last year at least 43 Singaporean victims lost almost $1m to malware-enabled scams on social media, according to Singapore's police force. 日益复杂的恶意软件是另一个挑战。根据新加坡警方的数据，去年9月，至少有43名新加坡受害者通过社交媒体上的恶意软件诈骗损失了近100万美元。

Sophisticated malware:复杂的恶意软件。这里的恶意软件指的是下文中类似的病毒软件。

Sophisticated.adj.表示“( of a machine, system, etc. ) clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presented” 复杂巧妙的；先进的；精密的

Victim.n.表示“a person who has been tricked” 受骗者；上当的人

Malware-enabled scams:恶意软件诈骗

Malware.n.恶意软件

16. When one woman inquired about a Facebook post advertising a one-day trip to a durian fruit farm in Malaysia, the seller contacted her over WhatsApp with instructions to download a smartphone app to browse tour offers. This app infected her Android phone with malware that enabled scammers to steal more than $80,000 from her online bank accounts.当一名妇女询问一个在Facebook上宣传马来西亚榴莲果园一日游的帖子时，卖家通过WhatsApp联系她，指导她下载一个智能手机应用程序来浏览旅游套餐。这个应用程序感染了她的安卓手机，使诈骗者能够从她的在线银行账户中窃取超过80,000美元。

Inquire about a advertising:咨询一个广告

Inquire about：表示“ask for information about” 打听，询问

A durian fruit farm: 一个榴莲果园

Durian.n.榴莲

Browse tour offers:  浏览旅游套餐

Browse.vt.~ (through sth)表示“to look through the pages of a book, newspaper, etc. without reading everything" 浏览；翻阅

Offer.n.表示”a reduction in the normal price of sth, usually for a short period of time“（通常为短期的）减价，削价；处理价；特价。结合前文提到的一日游的帖子，可以知道这里的”特价“指的是一种特价的旅游套餐。

Infected one's phone: 感染某人的手机

Infect.vt.表示”to make a computer virus spread to another computer or program“ 传染，使感染（计算机病毒）

Extensions

菲律宾离岸博彩运营商（Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators，POGO）是指在菲律宾境外注册但在菲境内从事博彩业务的公司。近年来，POGO行业在菲律宾经济中扮演了重要角色，在全国各地涌现，包括持牌和非法博彩，雇佣了数以万计的中国和外国公民。随着离岸赌场业爆炸式增长，其涉嫌与有组织罪犯有关，伪装成合法实体，涉足与游戏最远的非法领域，例如金融诈骗、洗钱、卖淫、人口贩运、绑架、残酷酷刑——甚至谋杀。因此，菲律宾近日已经宣布计划禁止离岸博彩运营商。

Overview

第三部分的逻辑是:

List the combat tactics of China and Singapore——campaigns and complex online payment→ Showcase the coping strategies of other countries——anti-scam centers→  Identify the difficulties in the struggle——corruption in distributed international structure

第七自然段主要针对亚洲政府的对策讲了两个方面，一是应对手法，二是面临的挑战。中国和新加坡才用了最先进的手法“campaigns and complex online payment”宣传活动和复杂的在线支付程序。其他国家采取了“set up national anti-scam centres”设立国家级的反诈中心等手法来积极应对日渐严峻的网诈现状。介绍了不同国家的应对手法后，文章最后揭示了在反网诈斗争的进程中最大的挑战——"Corruption in the distributed international criminal ecosystem "分布式国际结构犯罪生态中的腐败问题。

Text Explication

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17. Governments in Asia are beginning to try to combat the growing threat of scams. China and Singapore have some of the most sophisticated responses, with wide-spread campaigns to raise awareness and by making it slower and harder for people to make instant, online payments of large sums. 亚洲各国政府正开始努力应对日益严重的诈骗威胁。中国和新加坡拥有一些最先进的应对措施，包括广泛的宣传活动来提高人们的意识，以及通过使大额在线即时支付变得更慢、更困难来应对。

Combat the growing threat of scams:打击日益增长的诈骗威胁

Combat.vt.表示“to stop sth unpleasant or harmful from happening or from getting worse” 防止；减轻；“to fight against an enemy”战斗；与…搏斗

Sophisticated responses:先进的应对手段，文中指新加坡和中国采用了广泛的宣传和复杂化在线支付。

Sophisticated.adj.表示“clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presented” 复杂的；巧妙的；先进的；精密的

Wide-spread campaigns to raise awareness:广泛的宣传活动来提高人们的意识

Campaign.n.表示“a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aim” 运动（为社会、商业或政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动）

Raise awareness:提高意识

Synonym:

下面这三个词在本篇文章中属于同义词替换，都有战斗，斗争，打击这层意思.

Combat.vt.表示“to fight against an enemy”战斗；与…搏斗

Campaign.n.虽然文中的字面意思是“运动”（为社会、商业或政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动），但同时也有“a series of attacks and battles that are intended to achieve a particular military aim during a war”战役的意思。

Fight.vt.表示“to take part in a war or battle against an enemy”打仗；战斗；作战

18. Several countries have set up national anti-scam centres to report crimes. But the distributed international structure of this criminal ecosystem is difficult to fight. Widespread corruption in many parts of South-East Asia undermines international co-operation, especially since law enforcement often has less money to deploy than the criminals.一些国家已经建立了国家级的反诈骗中心来报告犯罪活动。但这一犯罪生态系统的分布式国际结构难以对抗。东南亚许多地区的普遍腐败破坏了国际合作，尤其是由于执法部门往往部署的资金比犯罪分子少。

Set up national anti-scam centres:设立国家级反诈骗中心

Set up:表示“to create or arrange something”创建，建立，安排

Undermines international co-operation:破坏国际合作

Undermine.vt.表示“to make sth, especially sb's confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effective”逐渐削弱（信心、权威等）；使逐步减少效力

Deploy money:部署资金

Deploy.vt.表示“to use sth effectively”有效地利用；调动；部署

1.How does Deepfake technology work?

Deepfake technology manipulates images and video using artificial intelligence (AI) to make the scams more realistic. (Para2)

2.What anecdote did President Ferdinand Marcos experience before his speech?

Hours before his speech, a deepfake circulated of him snorting cocaine.(Para4)

3.How do China and Singapore deal with the threat of fraud?

China and Singapore have some of the most sophisticated responses, with wide-spread campaigns to raise awareness and by making it slower and harder for people to make instant, online payments of large sums. (Para7)

4.Why is this criminal ecosystem so hard to fight?

The distributed international structure of this criminal ecosystem is difficult to fight.(Para7)

Deepfake technology, a new way of scams, is gaining momentum worldwide. It has been swiftly embraced by transnational criminals in South-East Asia, who harness generative AI, machine learning, cryptocurrencies, and social media platforms. The widespread dissemination of fabricated celebrity videos has caused significant issues. Additionally, advanced malware poses a further challenge. Asian governments are initiating efforts to counteract the scam threats through various strategies, with a focus on addressing the decentralized global network of this criminal enterprise.

The concept of deepfake first emerged in 2016, initially referring to portrait synthesis technology based on deep learning. Later, this concept expanded to include video forgery, voice forgery, text forgery, and other synthesis technologies. As this technology becomes more accessible to the general public, it has not only benefited society but also come with global risks such as the spread of false videos, exacerbation of social conflicts, incitement of violent and terrorist actions, and interference with national intelligence.

Recently, a "Deepfake" incident in South Korea has been likened to the transformative "Nth Room" case. South Korean netizens discovered explicit "deepfake" images involving underage girls on the messaging app Telegram. The "Nth Room" incident led to the enactment of South Korea's "Telegram 'Nth Room' Incident Prevention Act," yet online sexual crimes remain rampant. Foreign media reports that South Korean police have noted a sharp increase in vividly forged sexual crimes online, with 297 cases reported in the first seven months of 2024, far exceeding the number of cases in the previous two years. Meanwhile, there have also been related incidents in China. Due to the presence of heavy makeup and retouching marks in the photos that affect identity recognition, the "Hippocampus Photography Studio" has been banned from registering for the postgraduate entrance examination.

However, we cannot halt the development of new technologies due to their risks. China is actively managing "deepfake" issues, keeping pace with Europe and the United States. The emergence and application of any new technology will bring social and ethical issues, which need to be addressed from both legal and moral perspectives. On one hand, countries around the world have introduced relevant laws and regulations, exploring governance approaches for deep synthesis. The United States has enacted specific legislation at the federal and state levels, while the European Union has included "Deepfake" within the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Additionally, Germany, Singapore, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and other countries have introduced related laws and regulations. On May 28, 2020, the "PRC Civil Code 《民法典》" was enacted, with Article 1019 and Article 1023 confirming the illegal acts of using information technology to forge and infringe upon citizens' portrait rights and voice rights, marking an important milestone in the code's keeping with the times and the world's first legislation specifically targeting artificial intelligence. On the other hand, China is promoting the awareness of prevention and ethics among its citizens. Since legal norms often lack foresight and flexibility, professionals have emphasized the importance of ethical awareness. In the face of issues that are difficult to adjust through law, a broader and more diverse dialogue mechanism is needed. It requires not only raising the ethical awareness of practitioners to set moral bottom line for the things they develop but also increasing public awareness to strengthen citizens' understanding of "Deepfake" and other artificial intelligence technologies.

In summary, although the "deepfake" technology faces risks of loss of control and misuse in its development process, we need to use technological advancements to address these issues. In the current wave of artificial intelligence development, China is no longer in a position of lagging behind but is actively participating in discussions on governance issues, at least running in parallel with other countries, and is comprehensively exploring governance strategies from legal and moral aspects.

图片：Microsoft Edge

单词释义：柯林斯词典，牛津词典

文章来源：本期文章选自The Economist 10月26日期刊

文章参考:

https://www.guancha.cn/economy/2022_02_23_627407_2.shtml

https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1808788741783065494&wfr=spider&for=pc

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%AA%E9%80%A0/56522542#reference-2

https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/23/asia/philippines-pogos-ban-illegal-gambling-intl-hnk/index.html

https://www.arup.com/about-us/

https://www.msn.cn/zh-cn/news/other/%E8%80%83%E7%A0%94%E6%8A%A5%E5%90%8D%E7%A6%81%E7%94%A8%E6%B5%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%BD%93%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87-%E8%BF%87%E5%BA%A6%E7%BE%8E%E9%A2%9C%E6%98%AF%E5%AF%B9%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%B6%82%E6%8A%B9/ar-AA1tJikR?ocid=BingNewsSerp