The worm turns
1.Lead - in
这篇文章主要讲述了在巴拿马城外的一家工厂里，一种被称为螺旋虫的寄生虫正在卷土重来。这种雌性苍蝇会在暴露在外面的温血动物的肉上产下数百个卵，孵化出的幼虫会吞噬活体组织，造成脓肿。在过去几十年里，中美洲地区几乎已经根除了这种害虫，但如今它又重新出现了。森林砍伐、人类迁徙和气候变化等因素都助长了它的传播。为了控制这一趋势，美国农业部已经开始释放不育雄性苍蝇来减少螺旋虫的数量。然而，要完全消灭这种疾病可能需要数年时间，而且还需要持续的投资于预防和监控措施。
2.Overview
3.Title analysis
标题“The worm turns”是一个成语，通常用来描述一个通常被动或受压迫的人或事物突然开始反击或改变局势。
1. 字面意义：
"The worm" 通常指的是蚯蚓，但在上下文中，它可能比喻性地指代一个弱小或不起眼的角色。
"turns" 意味着改变方向或采取不同的行动。
2. 隐喻意义：
"The worm turns" 作为成语，暗示了力量的转变或情况的逆转。在这个标题中，它可能指的是某种原本被认为是无害或被忽视的因素（如寄生虫、疾病、环境问题等）开始显现出其影响力和破坏力。
问题与思考：
1.“The worm "的回归是否与森林砍伐、移民和气候变化的关系？标题是否可能是在警告读者，忽视这些看似微不足道的生物（如寄生虫）可能会带来严重的后果？
2.标题是否在强调一个重要的生态或社会现象，即原本不被重视的问题或生物开始成为关注的焦点，因为它们的影响正在变得越来越显著？
4.Mind map
5.Text analysis
Para1：Overview of the spiral fly epidemic
overview:开头介绍了巴拿马牧民Ladislao Miranda在巴拿马西部的牛身上发现蠕虫感染，他不得不花很多时间治疗感染的动物。
Text analysis
para1
1. A screwworm infestation is gruesome. The female fly lays hundreds of eggs on the exposed flesh of warm-blooded animals.螺旋虫的侵扰令人毛骨悚然。雌蝇在暴露的温血动物身上产下数百个卵。
A screwworm：名词短语，指的是一种特定的昆虫，即螺旋蛆（ Screwworm），这是一种寄生在动物组织中的幼虫。
infestation n. a swarm of insects that attack plants侵扰；骚扰，侵袭，扰害，横行；（盗贼、鼠、虫等的）成群出现。在这里特指的是螺旋蛆大量寄生的现象。
gruesome adj. very unpleasant and filling you with horror, usually because it is connected with death or injury.令人厌恶的；恐怖的；可怕的
flesh n. the soft substance between the skin and bones of animal or human bodies.动物或人的)肉；肉体；果肉；(人体的)皮肤；
warm-blood adj. having warm blood (in animals whose body temperature is internally regulated)温血的；恒温的
warm-blood
2.The eggs hatch into larvae which gorge themselves on the living tissue, creating a pulsating mess. 卵孵化成幼虫，幼虫狼吞虎咽地吃掉活组织，制造出脉搏混乱。
hatch into larve 孵化出幼虫
hatch vt. to break open so that a young bird, fish, insect, etc. can come out.孵出；使(小鸟、小鱼、小虫等)孵出；孵化；策划；破壳；出壳
larvae n. When the eggs hatch the larvae eat the living flesh of the host animal.幼虫；幼体
gorge sth on sth. 狼吞虎咽地吃某物。
gorge vt. to eat a lot of sth, until you are too full to eat any more.贪婪地吃，狼吞虎咽；阻塞，使扩张；塞饱；肚子塞满，饱食；尽情享受，沉醉
tissue n. a collection of cells that form the different parts of humans, animals and plants.(人、动植物细胞的)组织
pulsating mess 脉搏混乱
pulsating adj. expanding and contracting rhythmically as to the beating of the heart.脉动的；脉冲的；搏动的
larvae
tissue
3.Ladislao Miranda’s cattle herd in western Panama had been free of the parasite for nearly 30 years, but in May the 60-year-old rancher spotted white eggs on his animals. Ladislao Miranda在巴拿马西部的牛群已经没有寄生虫近30年了，但在5月，这位60岁的牧场主在他的动物身上发现了白色的蛋。
"in western Panama" 是一个介词短语，告诉这群牛所在的具体位置是巴拿马西部。"had been free of the parasite for nearly 30 years" 是一个过去完成时态的从句，描述了这群牛在过去的近三十年里一直未受到寄生虫的侵害。"in May" 是时间介词短语，指明事件发生的时间是在五月。"the 60-year-old rancher" 描述Ladi Slao的年龄和身份（一位六十岁的牧场主）。
cattle herd 牛群
herd n. a group of animals of the same type that live and feed together.兽群；牧群
be free of 免于，打消……
spot on 发现在
spot vt. not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时看见；to see or notice a person or thing, especially suddenly or when it is not easy to do so.看出；注意到；发现
parasite n. a small animal or plant that lives on or inside another animal or plant and gets its food from it.寄生生物；寄生虫；寄生植物
rancher n. a person who owns, manages or works on a ranch.大农场（或牧场）主；大农场（或牧场）工人
parasite
4.He now spends his days digging worms out of haunches and treating wounds with powders. "This plague is back and it’s stronger than ever, he says. 现在，他每天都在从臀部中挖掘蠕虫，用粉末治疗伤口。他说：“这场瘟疫又回来了，而且比以往任何时候都更严重”。
spend sth out of sth. 从某物中花掉某物。
haunch n. the tops of the legs and buttocks ; the similar parts at the back of the body of an animal that has four legs。(四足动物的)腰腿；(四足动物可食用的)腰腿肉；臀胯部
treat with sth. 用某物治疗。
powder n. a dry mass of very small fine pieces or grains.粉；粉末
plague n. A plague is a very infectious disease that spreads quickly and kills large numbers of people.瘟疫；(老鼠或昆虫等肆虐造成的)灾害，祸患；死亡率高的传染病
plague
Para2：Outbreak of the epidemic
overview:中美洲正面临几十年来最严重的cannibal rabies。2024年，巴拿马的病例数已超过19700例，疫情已向北蔓延至哥斯达黎加、尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯。大连峡谷原本是防止螺旋虫传播的天然屏障，但由于森林砍伐和迁徙活动，该地区对螺旋虫的防御能力下降，导致寄生虫疫情复发。
Text analysis
para2
1.Central America is suffering its worst outbreak of Cochliomyia hominivorax in decades. 中美洲正在遭受几十年来最严重的人型Cochliomyia hominivrax疫情。
outbreak n. the sudden start of sth unpleasant, especially violence or a disease.
(暴力、疾病等坏事的)爆发，突然发生
suffering insth. 在遭受某事。
Cochliomyia hominivorax 是一种医学术语，指的是食肉蝇（也称人肉蝇），这是一种寄生虫病的传播者。
2.In a normal year Panama records fewer than a hundred cases of the parasite So far in 2024 there have been over 19,700. Infections have spread north to Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras. 在正常年份，巴拿马记录的寄生虫病例不到100例。到2024年为止，已有19700多例。感染已向北蔓延至哥斯达黎加、尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯
a hundred cases 指的是寄生虫病例的数量。
spread to 扩散到；传播到；传到；波及
Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras
哥斯达黎加、尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯
Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras
3.The Darien Gap, a 100km (60-mile) stretch of rainforest which separates Panama from South America, where the screwworm is endemic, used to serve as a barrier to the spread of the fly. 达里恩峡是一片100公里（60英里）长的热带雨林，将巴拿马与螺旋虫流行的南美洲隔开，曾经是苍蝇传播的屏障。
"The Darien Gap" 是主语，特指巴拿马和南美洲之间的隘口，这是一个地区。" a 100 km (6-mile) stretch of rainforest" 是一个同位语结构，用来描述“Darien Gap”，指出它是一片长达100公里（或6英里）的雨林地带。"which separates Panama from South America"是定语从句，修饰先行词“The Darien Gap”，说明该地区在地理上将巴拿马与南美洲分隔开来。"where the screwworm is endemic" 也是一个定语从句，用于补充信息，表明在这个地区螺旋蝇是一种地方性物种，自然地存在并繁衍。"used to serve as a barrier to the spread of the fly"表达的是过去的情况，其中“used to”表示过去的习惯或状态，“a barrier to the spread of the fly”指达连隘口过去曾是防止螺旋蝇扩散的一个天然屏障。
Darien Gap 巴拿马达里恩沼泽
stretch of 延伸
stretch n. an area of land or water, especially a long one.(area of land/water)一片；一泓；一段
separate from 与…分开；分离；分开；分离开来
separate vi. to divide into different parts or groups; to divide things into different parts or groups.（使）分开，分离；分割；划分
endemic adj. regularly found in a particular place or among a particular group of people and difficult to get rid of.地方性的；（某地或某集体中）特有的，流行的，难摆脱的
serve as 用作；充当
fly n. a small flying insect with two wings. There are many different types of fly.[可数名词] 蝇；苍蝇
Darien Gap
4.But deforestation and migration have degraded the forest, making it more permeable to the screwworm and helping the parasite to make a come back. 但森林砍伐和移民使森林退化，使螺旋虫更容易渗透，并帮助寄生虫卷土重来。
deforestation n. the act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area.[不可数名词] 毁林；滥伐森林；烧林
degrade the forest 森林退化
degrade vt.to change or make sth change to a simpler chemical form.（使）退化，降解；分解
permeable adj. allowing a liquid or gas to pass through.可渗透的；可渗入的
Para3-6：Historical background of the epidemic
overview:螺旋虫曾经是德克萨斯州牛仔的一个严重问题，但美国农业部通过释放不育的雄性苍蝇成功地减少了害虫的危害，这项技术后来在中美洲得到推广，导致美国、巴拿马在1966年和2006年宣布没有螺旋虫。巴拿马城外的一家工厂生产不育雄蝇，每周将其空投到达里安峡谷雨林。然而，气候变化和森林砍伐为螺旋体的传播创造了有利条件，导致了"perfect storms"的形成。需要增加工厂生产，以覆盖整个中美洲。COPE-G委员会正试图控制害虫。
Text analysis
para3
1.The screwworm used to be the scourge of Texan cowboys. In the 1950s, following the discovery that the female fly mates just once in her lifetime, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) began releasing sterile male flies over the southern United States. 螺旋虫曾经是得克萨斯牛仔的祸害。20世纪50年代，在发现雌性果蝇一生只交配一次后，美国农业部（USDA）开始在美国南部释放不育的雄性果蝇。
"following the discovery" 是一个介词短语，表示动作发生的前提条件或背景，即在某个发现之后。这里的“discovery”指的是接下来描述的科学研究成果。"that the female fly mates just once in her lifetime" 是一个同位语从句，解释了前面“discovery”的具体内容，人们发现了雌性苍蝇在其一生中只会交配一次这一现象。
the scourge of 祸害，天灾。是一个固定搭配的介词短语
scourge n. a person or thing that causes trouble or suffering.祸害；祸根；灾害
Texan cowboys 得克萨斯牛仔
the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
美国农业部(United States Department of Agriculture)负责采购的国防部副部长
release sth. over+地点 释放某物到某地
sterile male flies 不育雄蝇
sterile adj. of humans or animals not able to produce children or young animals.人或动物不能生育的；不育的
United States Department of Agriculture
Texan cowboys
2.Copulation with the barren males rendered the females infertile, and screwworm populations plummeted. 与不育的雄性交配使雌性不育，螺旋虫的数量急剧下降。
Copulation with 与...交配
Copulation n. the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman,the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur.交配；交尾；连结
barren adj. not good enough for plants to grow on it.土地或土壤贫瘠的；不毛的
render+n.(the females)+adj.(infertile)使处于某种状态,是使役动词。
render vt. to cause sb/sth to be in a particular state or condition.使成为；使变得；
plummet vi. If an amount, rate, or price plummets, it decreases quickly by a large amount.（数量、比率或价格）骤然下跌，暴跌
3.After the United States was declared free of the pest in 1966,the technique was rolled out southwards down the Central American isthmus. Panama, the southernmost country, was declared screwworm-free in 2006. 1966年美国宣布没有这种害虫后，这项技术在中美洲地峡向南推广。巴拿马是最南端的国家，2006年被宣布无螺旋虫。
declare sth.（宾语)+free（宾补)+of宣布某事
be rolled out 被推出、展开实施
roll vt. to wrap or cover sb/sth/yourself in sth.包裹，覆盖
isthmus n. a narrow strip of land, with water on each side, that joins two larger pieces of land.地峡
para4
1.Since then, a factory outside Panama City has mass-produced male screw-worms. They are reared on cellulose and powdered blood, then rendered infertile with a zap of X-rays. Every week two small aeroplanes dump 15m sterile flies over the rainforest of the Darién Gap.从那时起，巴拿马城外的一家工厂开始大规模生产雄性螺旋虫。它们以纤维素和粉状血液为食，然后通过一次X射线照射变得不育。每周，两架小型飞机在达连峡的热带雨林上空倾倒1500万只不育苍蝇。
be reared on sth. 以某事为生
rear vt. to care for young children or animals until they are fully grown.抚养；养育；培养
cellulose n. a natural substance that forms the cell walls of all plants and trees and is used in making plastics, paper, etc.纤维素；(用于制作涂料、漆等的) 纤维素化合物
powdered blood 血粉
rendered with sth. 用某物呈现。
zap n. kill with or as if with a burst of gunfire or electric current or as if by shooting.攻击
a zap of X-rays 用X射线照射
aeroplane n. a flying vehicle with wings and one or more engines.飞机
cellulose
para5
1.But as the forest has degraded, the screwworm has spread. The factory must now produce flies to cover all of Central America.
但随着森林的退化，螺旋虫已经传播开来。这家工厂现在必须生产覆盖整个中美洲的苍蝇。
2.So says Carlos Moreno, the boss of the Commission for the Eradication and Prevention of the Cattle Borer Worm (COPE-G), an organization run jointly by the Panamanian and United States governments which is charged with controlling the screwworm population. It owns and operates the factory for sterile male flies.巴拿马和美国政府联合管理的根除和预防牛蛀虫委员会（COPE-G）负责人卡洛斯·莫雷诺说，该委员会负责控制螺旋虫的数量。它拥有并经营无菌雄性果蝇工厂。
"an organisation run jointly by the Panamanian and United States governments" 是同位语从句。"which is charged with controlling the screwworm population" 是非限定性定语从句，修饰前面提到的“组织”，说明该组织的主要职责是控制牛皮蝇蛆的数量。
Commission for the Eradication and Prevention of the Cattle Borer Worm
根除和预防牛蛀虫委员会
Eradication n. the complete destruction of every trace of something.根除；根除，消（扑）灭
be jointly by 与...共同
be charged with doing sth. 被指控做某事。
Cattle Borer 牛蛀虫
Cattle Borer
para6
1.Higher temperatures caused by climate change helped the screwworm. Trees are often cleared for cattle grazing, so hundreds of thousands of potential screwworm hosts have been put into a strip of forest that had been acting as a barrier. 气候变化导致的高温有助于螺旋虫。树木经常被砍伐用于放牧，因此数十万潜在的螺旋虫宿主被安置在一片曾经起到屏障作用的森林中。
"Higher temperatures" ，是句子中的主语。"caused by climate change" 是一个过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰“Higher temperatures”，"helped" 作谓语，表达动作或状态。
"are cleared" 是第二句被动语态的谓语结构。"for cattle grazing" 作为目的状语。"so"引导结果状语从句。"have been put into" 现在完成时的被动语态。"that had been acting as a barrier" 定语从句修饰先行词 "a strip of forest"，说明这片森林阻止了某种现象的发生。
cattle n. cows and bulls that are kept as farm animals for their milk or meat.牛
cattle grazing 放牧牛群
grazing n. land with grass that cows, sheep, etc. can eat.牧场；草场
potential screwworm 潜在螺旋蠕虫
host n. a person who invites guests to a meal, a party, etc. or who has people staying at their house.主人
a strip of forest 一片森林
strip n. a long narrow area of land, sea, etc.狭长地带；带状水域
2.The paths and staging posts that facilitate human migration through the Darién Gap also help the flies to spread north. 促进人类通过达连峡迁徙的路径和中转站也有助于苍蝇向北传播。
staging n. a temporary platform used for standing or working on.临时工作台,中转站
post sth through sth. 通过某物发布某物
facilitate vt. to make an action or a process possible or easier.促进；使便利；促使
3.All this has created the “perfect storm” for the screwworm’s spread, says Mr. Moreno.
莫雷诺先生说，所有这些都为螺旋蠕虫的传播创造了“完美风暴”。
"All this" 是代词短语，指代前文中提到的一系列因素或情况，即导致螺丝虫传播加剧的各种条件。"perfect storm'"（完美风暴）是一个比喻，用来形容一系列不利事件同时发生，造成严重后果的情况，这里指有利于螺丝虫扩散的一系列理想环境条件。
Para7：Countermeasures
overview:为应对今年疫情的爆发，COPE-G将每周苍蝇产量提高到8000万只，接近工厂每周1亿只的极限，主要将这些苍蝇分散在大连峡谷外。此外，已经购买了三架飞机，飞行员现在正在执行1600公里的往返任务，在尼加拉瓜北部空投无菌雄性苍蝇。
Text analysis
para7
1.To arrest this year’s outbreak, COPEG has increased weekly fly production from 15m to 80m, just short of the factory’s capacity of 100m per week. 为了遏制今年的疫情，COPEG将每周的苍蝇产量从1500万只增加到8000万只，仅略低于工厂每周1亿只的产能。
arrest sth outbreak 阻止某事爆发
arrest vt. to stop a process or a development.
阻止；中止
short of 除了
capacity n. the number of things or people that a container or space can hold.容量；容积；容纳能力
2.Most of these flies are dispersed outside the Darién Gap. Three additional aircraft have been procured. Pilots now make 1,600km round trips to drop the barren insects over northern Nicaragua.这些苍蝇大多散布在达连峡外。另外还采购了三架飞机。飞行员现在往返1600公里，将这种贫瘠的昆虫分散在尼加拉瓜北部。
be dispersed outside 分散在外面
disperse vt. to spread or to make sth spread over a wide area.散布；散发；传播
make round trips 往返
procure vt. to obtain sth, especially with difficulty.（设法）获得，取得，得到
drop sth. over +地点(northern Nicaragua)降落，分散到某地
northern Nicaragua 尼加拉瓜北部
Para8：Challenges and prospects
overview:螺旋体病疫情仍然严重，新一代牧场主正在学习如何识别和治疗感染，因为他们在没有螺旋体的环境中长大。加强了对边境动物的检查。OIRSA主任Abelardo de Gracia指出，随着苍蝇向北传播，控制它们变得更加困难，阻止它们进入墨西哥成为关键。
Text analysis
para8
1.The screwworm still has the upper hand. A generation of ranchers who grew up in a screwworm-free world is learning to identify and treat infections. 螺旋蝇仍然占上风。在一个没有螺旋虫的世界长大的一代牧场主正在学习识别和治疗感染。
the upper hand 固定搭配。这里指处于有利地位、占据优势。
2.Border checks of animals have been ratcheted up. The farther north the fly spreads, the harder it will be to bring under control, says Ab- elardo de Gracia, a director of OIRSA, a regional agricultural health organization. Stopping it entering Mexico is key.对动物的边境检查已经加强。区域农业卫生组织OIRSA主任Ab-elardo de Gracia表示，苍蝇越往北传播，就越难控制。阻止它进入墨西哥是关键。
"The farther north the fly spreads" 是一个比较状语从句，表达的是随着苍蝇向北扩散的距离增加。",the harder it will be to bring under control," 是主句的一部分，其中 "it" 作为形式主语，实际指的是前文提到的苍蝇的扩散行为。
be ratcheted up 加大力度
ratchet vt. to increase, or make sth increase, repeatedly and by small amounts.
ratchet (sth)↔up（使）逐渐小幅增长
bring under control 控制住局面
OIRSA (Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria )中美洲农牧组织；中美洲农业及保健组织
Para9-10：Long-term strategy and ultimate goal
overview: Mr.de Gracia认为，控制螺旋体病的流行可能需要几年时间。随着大连峡谷环境的持续恶化，未来必须加大对预防和监测的投资，以避免疫情的进一步爆发。据美国农业部估计，没有螺旋体可以为美国畜牧业每年节省约9亿美元。COPEG的供应紧张促使乌拉圭和阿根廷政府开始在当地生产无菌螺旋体。乌拉圭计划到2030年消除寄生虫，这可能是实现没有螺旋体的美国梦的第一步。
Text analysis
para9
1.It may take several years to control the outbreak, says Mr.de Gracia. The ongoing degradation of the Darién Gap means that investments in prevention and surveillance will have to keep rising in future if further outbreaks are to be avoided. 德格拉西亚先生说，控制疫情可能需要几年时间。Darién Gap的持续退化意味着，如果要避免进一步的疫情爆发，未来对预防和监测的投资将不得不不断增加。
degradation n. the process of sth being damaged or made worse.)毁坏，恶化（过程）
surveillance n. the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed.(对犯罪嫌疑人或可能发生犯罪的地方的)监视
2.But the incentives to curb its spread are high. The USDA estimates that the absence of screwworm saves the livestock industry in the United States some $900m annually.但遏制其传播的动机很高。美国农业部估计，螺旋虫的消失每年为美国畜牧业节省约9亿美元。
incentives to do sth. 做某事的动机
incentive n. something that encourages you to do sth. [可数名词, 不可数名词] ~ (for/to sb/sth) (to do sth)激励；刺激；鼓励
curb vt. to control or limit sth, especially sth bad.控制，抑制，限定，约束（不好的事物）
The USDA 美国农业部（United States Department of Agriculture），是负责执行与农业相关的政策和研究的政府机构。
livestock industry 畜牧业
livestock n. the animals kept on a farm, for example cows or sheep.牲畜；家畜
para10
1.Indeed, the response to its come back may well spell the end for the screwworm. The tight supply at COPEG last week prompted an agreement between the governments of Uruguay and Argentina to begin local production of sterile screwworms. 事实上，对其卷土重来的反应很可能意味着螺旋虫的终结。上周COPEG的供应紧张促使乌拉圭和阿根廷政府达成协议，开始在当地生产无菌螺旋虫。
tight supply 供应紧张
COPEG（Panama United Station Commission for the Prevention and Elimination of Spirogyra） 巴拿马-美国预防和根除螺旋锥蝇委员会
prompt an agreement 促成协议
prompt vt. To prompt someone to do something means to make them decide to do it.促使；推动；引起
2.Uruguay aims to be free of the parasite by 2030. That may be the first step towards the rancher’s dream: a screwworm-free Americas.
乌拉圭的目标是到2030年消除寄生虫。这可能是牧场主实现梦想的第一步：一个没有螺旋虫的美洲。
free of “free”在这里作为形容词使用，意为“无……的”，“of”引导出需要摆脱的对象。
6.Summary and comment
Screwworm, a parasitic fly, is resurging due to deforestation and climate change. COPEG’s factory near Panama City produces sterile males to control the population, but the fly is spreading in Central America. COPEG boosts production and acquires more aircraft. Uruguay and Argentina plan local production, with Uruguay targeting eradication by 2030.
The turn of the screwworm is a significant concern for the livestock industry and public health. The interplay of environmental degradation, climate change, and human activities has created favorable conditions for the spread of this pest. The efforts by COPEG and the collaboration between Uruguay and Argentina demonstrate a proactive approach to pest control and the importance of international cooperation in addressing transboundary agricultural issues. The goal of creating a screwworm-free Americas is ambitious but crucial for protecting the region’s livestock and the economies that depend on it. The situation also highlights the need for sustainable land management practices to prevent further outbreaks and the importance of investing in prevention and surveillance systems.
References
(1)图片源自“The Economist"外刊材料2024年10月26日期刊、百度、bing必应
(2)单词释义源自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第九阶）》
(3)summary and comment参考材料：
跟《经济学人》学写作（3）| 忍无可忍 - 乱码LM的文章 - 知乎
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/629968630
(4)文章来源：The Economist 2024年10月24日期刊
注：本篇外刊仅用来学习使用，无任何商业用途！
文字＆排版 | 2023级国关3班张骞文
指导教师 | 黄慧老师
