2023级《经济学人》导读 阶段二 | Why do you Tok like that?

教育   2024-11-18 12:36   重庆  

Why do you Tok like that?

-TikTok is changing how Gen Z speak

Original Text


Overview

  作为风靡国内外的短视频APP之一,TikTok创造了许多网络热梗和新词汇,这大大改变了年轻人的说话内容与说话方式。作者基于这个现象,从平台和用户两个方面分析了其成因。

Background Information

1

TikTok

A short-form video platform that has gained popularity worldwide. It allows users to create and share videos which covering a wide range of genres.

2

Gen Z

Usually refers to those group of people who were born during 1995 to 2009. They are characterized with high dependence on the internet, and they can skillfully use various social media with a strong pursuit of personalization and self-expression.

Mind Map 









Text Analysis

Title Analysis

Why do you Tok like that

-TikTok is changing how Gen Z speaks

  这个标题是常见的复合型标题,副标题补充主标题,并解释文章的核心。

  这个主标题非常有意思,作者用“Tok”代替“talk”,利用“谐音梗”一边巧妙地让读者联想到文章的主体TikTok,提前将读者拉入话题,一边又像是在模仿文章主体youngsters创造新词。这个滑稽的发问俏皮又幽默,非常符合《经济学人》的语言风格。

Part 1【Para 1-2】

 Para 1

 The word "demure" is old—it describes the sort of modest lady Victorians esteemed—but it is freshly fashionable. There are some 800,000 posts on TikTok with the tag #demure. Youngsters today are using the word with lashings of irony, invoking it to describe everything from Saturn to sunset to New York City's bin service.

  "demure"(端庄)这个词由来已久——它描述的是维多利亚时代推崇的那种谦逊淑女,但如今它重获新生。在TikTok上,带有#demure 标签的帖子约有80万条。当代年轻人正在以强烈的讽刺意味使用这个词,用它来形容从土星到日落,再到纽约市的垃圾桶服务等各种事物。


Youngsters today are using the word with lashings of irony, invoking it to describe everything from Saturn to sunset to New York City's bin service.

lashings of irony: lashing源自航海术语,意为something used for binding, wrapping or fastening。非正式预警中lashing通常表示丰富的、过量的。在本句与irony这个表讽刺、幽默的修辞手法连用时,它被用来强调#demure用于嘲讽的情况非常多,带有夸张的意味。

invoke: vt. to petition for help orsupport 援引,调用,使用。

01

●第一段是个很有意思的导入。作者将demure这个被Gen Z赋予了新意义的老词汇作为开头,并加以足够多的tag数据表明tiktok让它如何风靡。这一实例使用的妙处在于,作者能借此将词汇意义的改变与TikTok、Z世代联系起来,从而能以小见大,顺利地引出后文——TikTok是如何影响Gen Z的说话方式的。

● 其次,如果想要在写作时避免空泛,写出贴合实际又有趣的文章,我们可以学习作者的写作方式。作者虽然用了数据有力地证明了“demure is freshly fashionable”,但在后一句援引现实,打趣年轻人无论在什么情况下(Saturn/sunset/New York City's bin service)都要用上#demure,拉近了文章与读者和现实的距离,增添了文章的可读性与趣味性。

● 假设你现在要写一篇类似的文章,比如你想说明每天你是如何痴迷于刷TikTok的,你也可以像作者一样写I'm browsing TikTok at nights until my eye lips are fighting或I spend ten times as much time on TikTok as I do on my homework来代替I'm browsing TikTok everyday。


Para 2

  TikTok is changing how young people talk. Other fusty words, such as "coquette", are fashionable again. Colloquialisms are on the rise: members of Gen Z say "yapping" instead of "talking" and trim "delusional" to "delulu". New words have also become popular. Take "skibidi", a term popularised by a meme of an animated head singing in a toilet; it means "cool", "bad" or "very", depending on the context.

  TikTok正在改变年轻人的言语方式。其他一些古旧的词汇,如"coquette"(卖弄风情的人)也重新流行起来。口语化表达也在增多:Z世代用"yapping"(唠叨)代替"talking"(说话),将"delusional"(妄想的)缩写为"delulu"。新词也开始流行起来。比如"skibidi",这个词源于一个动画头像在马桶中唱歌的梗,根据语境不同可以表示"酷"、"糟糕"或"非常"等含义。


fusty: adj. saturated with dust and stale odors; rigidly old-fashioned or reactionary 发霉的;守旧的

coquette: n. a woman who behaves in a way that is intended to attract men 卖弄风情的女人

colloquialism: n. a word or phrase that is used in conversation but not in formal speech or writing 口语,白话

当该词放于句中使用时,要注意其具体意思会发生细微的差别。原文中Colloquialisms are on the rise就要理解成“口语化表达”,因为文章主要在讲人们说话方式的改变。

Gen Ztrim "delusional" to "delulu":trim,原意to make something neater and better,被用来形象地描述将一个较长单词缩短为一个更易于记忆或使用的版本。delusional(妄想的、产生幻觉的)被简化成delulu就是一个典例,这让非正式场合下的交流更为快速。

02

● 第二段承接首段,继续举例被创造出或被赋予新意义的单词,来说明TikTok改变了年轻人的说话内容。我们不难发现,作者表达的意思几乎相同,但运用了不同的表达方式,避免重复的表达能极大减少阅读的枯燥性。同义的表达方式还有:

● 代替:instead of, replace with/by, substitute for, take/in place of, take one's slot

● 简写:trim (off/down), neat, thin, cut, tailor

●略写:condense, shorten, abbreviate, stand for

● 流行:popular, in vogue, for the fad, go around, up to date

Part 2【Para 3-6】

Para 3

  On social media words spread far and fast. Each year at least 100 English words are produced or given new meaning on TikTok, reckons Tony Thorne, director of the Slang and New Language Archive at King's College London. Some linguists think the platform is changing not just what youngsters are saying, but how they are saying it. A "TikTok accent", which includes "up-talk", an intonation that rises at the end of sentences, may be spreading.

  在社交媒体上,词语传播得又快又广。伦敦国王学院俚语和新语言档案馆主任托尼·索恩估计,每年TikTok上至少会产生或赋予100个英语单词新的含义。一些语言学家认为,该平台不仅改变了年轻人说话的内容,还改变了他们的说话方式。一种"TikTok腔调"可能正在蔓延,其中包括句末语调上扬的"上扬语调"。


the Slang and New Language Archive at King's College London 伦敦国王学院的俚语和新语言档案馆:建于1994年,是一个专门收集俚语、行话、流行语和其他新奇语言事物的档案库,其旨为收集、保存和传播新语言,并为研究人员、学生、老师以及非专业人员提供独特而非营利性的资源。

其中,Archive指保存具有历史意义和信息价值的历史文件、记录或数据的集合,在此处指的便是档案馆。

网址:https://www.kcl.ac.uk/research/slang-and-new-language

reckon: vt. have an opinion about something 认为

intonation: n. rise and fall of the voice pitch 语调

03

● 该段开始深入探讨前两段提到的现象的成因,并借一些语言学家之口总结TikTok带来了哪些方面的改变: not just what youngsters are saying, but how they are saying it.也就是说话内容(词汇)与说话方式(语调)。其原因也在下一段中不着痕迹地衔接上了——当代社媒支持信息通过视频传播,一定程度上替代了以往仅支持文字传播信息的方式,所以改变了人们说话的方式;并且呼应了主题。

Para 4

● The platform's versatility encourages experimentation. Users can combine audio, text and video in a single post. That means words that sound especially satisfying can goviral, as well as those that are memorable in written form. Linguistic code has emerged, dubbed "algospeak", to dodge content-moderation algorithms. It includes euphemisms (sex workers are called "accountants"), and misspellings ("seggs" instead of sex).

● 该平台的多功能性鼓励了语言实验。用户可以在单个帖子中结合音频、文本和视频。这意味着听起来特别悦耳的词语可能会走红,同样那些书面形式令人印象深刻的词语也是如此。为了躲避内容审核算法,一种被称为"算法语言"的语言代码应运而生。这包括委婉语(如称性工作者为"会计师")和故意拼写错误(如用"seggs"代替sex)。


The platform's versatility encourages experimentation.

versatility: n. having a wide variety of skills 多功能性(物)。该词也可用于形容人的多才多艺,但结合句意,此处用versatility是想说明平台的多功能性能适应用户的多种用途与需求,才能encourages experimentation,也就是鼓励用户探索和尝试新的语言方面的实验。

audio: n. relating to or used in the transmission or reception ofsound 音频,声音

go viral: adj. quickly and widely spread or popularized, especially by person-to-personelectronic communication (互联网上)迅速传播的。我们也可以称为“走红”,这种搭配也比spread fast更加形象。

Linguistic code has emerged, dubbed "algospeak", to dodge content-moderation algorithms.

dub: vt. give a name to 称作

dodge: vi. make a sudden movement to avoid 规避,闪避

algorithm: n. a precise rule specifying how to solve some problem 运算法则

dodge一般与risk或column连用,意思是“躲避危险”或“逃避责任”。这里与content-moderation algorithm连用的妙处在于,它既点出了“algospeak”的目的,又准确而生动地写出用户与平台间的博弈像一场猫鼠游戏。


04

● 这段侧重于写对新词被年轻人广泛接纳并使用的三个原因:new form of post(新奇的传播形式);satisfying in sound,memorable in written form(音悦耳,字铭心);dodge content-moderation algorithms(躲避内容审核)。

● 从中我们可以思考:为什么这三个因素会大大提升新词在TikTokers中的接受度呢?我们不妨来分析社交媒体是如何将新造词带给观众的。首先,视频能给观众带来视觉与听觉上的刺激,这项轻松的娱乐活动让人们乐于接受其传递的信息,也意味着观众会逐渐理解并习惯新词的使用语境。其次,走红的(go viral)新词往往会在多数视频中出现,于是人们对新词的记忆也会在循环往复的刷视频活动中不断加深。

● 弄明白这个问题对语言学习来说可以是有一定启发性的,TikTokers面对新造词就如同某种语言的学习者正在试图接纳一个新词汇。比较二者的学习环境,我们不难发现非母语者学习全新语种的难点便在于缺少理解和使用新词汇的语境。因此在学习新词汇时,要注意将词语放在上下文中连贯理解——这也是TikTok如何将新的讲话方式带给观众的。

Para 5

  The mutation of language on Tiklok is also due, in large part, to the age of its users. Most are 18-34 years old. That matters because "Young people are language innovators," says Christian Ilbury, a sociolinguist at the University of Edinburgh. For decades youngsters have created words to distinguish themselves from adults.On social media such neologisms find a big audience. Mr Ilbury describes this as "linguistic identity work"; parents have long called it attention-seeking.

   TikTok上的语言变异很大程度上要归因于其用户的年龄构成。大多数用户年龄在18-34岁之间。爱丁堡大学的社会语言学家克里斯蒂安·伊尔伯里表示,这很重要,因为"年轻人是语言创新者"。几十年来,年轻人一直在创造新词以区别于成年人。在社交媒体上,这些新词能够找到庞大的受众。伊尔伯里将此描述为"语言身份建构";而父母们一直称之为哗众取宠。



mutation: n. an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration 变化,突变

gene/genetic mutation 基因突变

For decades youngsters have created words to distinguish themselves from adults.

distinguish...from...一般用于区分、辨别两种物品、感觉或物种,用于youngsters和parents之间更像是要“划清界限”,与后文“linguistic identity work”结合能更好地理解青少年这么做的目的。

On social media such neologisms find a big audience. 这句话很有意思,不同于我们的常用语序“audience→neologisms”,这里说的是新词可以找到受众,可以更突显新词对年轻人的吸引力与影响力,而非表达“新词只能依赖于年轻人的使用”之类的。

05

● 如何理解"linguistic identity work"?直接翻译过来意为语言身份建构,然后我们可以从该行为产生的背景、原因、主体等方面来理解它。

随着社会的发展与生活环境的变化,时代都在持续更新着组成我们认知的物质。物质决定意识,而语言属于意识的产出与具象化,于是时代的进化必然携带着新词的诞生与风行、旧词的衰落与淘汰,这种意识的更迭也顺带着划清了不同时代的语言使用者。因此对于“For decades youngsters have created words to distinguish themselves from adults”的理解,与其将“区分于大人”说成年轻人创造新词的唯一目的,不如说是时代潮流席卷的必然结果。

这一现象在现当代尤为明显,其原因是社交媒体将年轻人群体联合了起来(对应文中“On social media such neologisms find a big audience”),外加信息大爆炸与互动性强的社交媒体放大了年轻人较强的时代适应性与学习、创造能力,于是创造新词这一行为开始风靡。我们也不难理解为什么会有人将其称为attention-seeking(哗众取宠),毕竟人的认知是有限的,而对部分人来说,认知被打破或被超越确实是一件令人难以接受的事情。


Para 6

  The platform brings together fan groups and communities, from # kpopfans (people who like Korean pop music) to #booktokers (people who love reading). These groups create their own slang, says Adam Aleksic, a linguist and influencer. Some of it leaks into the mainstream. Other slang comes from specific groups: black people have innovated and spread hundreds of English words over the years, from "cool" to "tea" (gossip). Journalists and screenwriters popularise such words; now TikTokers do, too.

  该平台将粉丝群体和社群聚集在一起,从#kpopfans(韩流音乐粉丝)到#booktokers(爱书人)。语言学家兼网络红人亚当·亚历克西克表示,这些群体创造了自己的俚语,其中一些渗透进了主流语言。其他一些俚语来自特定群体:多年来,黑人创造并传播了数百个英语单词,从"cool"(酷)到"tea"(八卦)。记者和编剧推广这些词语,现在TikTok用户也在这样做。



Some of it (the slang of groups) leaks into the mainstream.

leak into在这里运用了比喻的手法,表示群体内的俚语流入了人们说话的主流方式,显得更为形象。

mainstream: n. the frequent current of thought or action (思想或行为的)主流.放在文章中的语境下就是人们主要的说话方式。

#Kpopfans: fans of Korean Pop music(也称K-Pop),指的是热衷于韩国流行音乐、对韩国偶像团体与文化有浓厚兴趣的粉丝群体。

#Booktokers: tokers of book,指的是在TikTok上分享关于书籍内容、推荐书籍、讨论阅读体验的用户。

06

Q:为什么群体间会创造出新的俚语?

A:人作为具有社会性的群居动物,在与社会的互动过程中往往会出于不同的原因加入不同的群体中。大部分人为了实现自我价值或寻求自我认同,将自己纳入某个有相同追求或价值观的群体。群体间的区分与年轻人想要跳离于成年人的框架的心理有异曲同工之妙,即有能互相区分的身份标识,这是一种更进一步的身份认同感与归属感。这在现实中的表现往往是创造一个彼此间才懂得梗,或是根据群体内了解的事物造出一个专有名词,而这些新词语有时也会成为判断一个人是否属于某个群体的方法。

Q:平台是如何对新词的产生发挥作用的?

A:逻辑可以简单梳理成:群体扩大→影响力增加→信息公开→汇入主流

     所谓媒介,就是传递信息的工具或渠道。TikTok在此扮演的就是信息传播的载体,并通过大数据算法将信息从发送者精准传递到接收者手中,于是群体的数量往往比过去更加庞大。庞大的群体产出的视频占比大概率更高,并在这个信息不闭塞的时代流向非原群体中的手机中,从而被更多人使用而成为主流的一部分。

Part 3【Para 7】

Para 7

  All this speeds up the evolution of language. That delights logophiles but befuddles dictionary-makers, who must keep a record of the ever-expanding lexicon. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), Britain's most illustrious chronicler of language, adds a word only after it has been used for about five years. That is too slow to keep up with modern parlance. The OED is just now adding words such as "binge-worthy", which already feels tired; its own "word of the year" for 2023, "rizz" (charm), which originated and was popularised online, has not yet made the cut. TikTok has just the phrase to describe such a modest approach: very demure.

  所有这些加速了语言的演变。这让词语爱好者感到欣喜,却让词典编纂者感到困扰,因为他们必须记录这个不断扩张的词库。英国最具权威的语言编纂机构《牛津英语词典》(OED)只有在一个词使用约五年后才会收录它。这样的速度跟不上现代用语的发展。OED现在才收录"binge-worthy"(值得追看的)这样已经感觉过时的词;其2023年度词"rizz"(魅力)虽源自网络并广受欢迎,但尚未被收录。用TikTok的话来说,这种谨慎的做法实在是太"demure"(保守)了。


logophile: n. a lover of words 喜爱文字的人

...But befuddles dictionary-makers, who must keep a record of the ever-expanding lexicon.

befuddle: vt. confuse one's mind or thoughts  使迷惑,使昏沉

befuddle sb.让某人感到迷惑,难住某人。

lexicon: n. vocabulary; dictionary 词典。除了与原文中的expand连用可表扩充,与enrich、build、store、incorporate into连用也有扩充、纳入词典的意思。

chronicler: n. a recorder or narrator of past events 年代史编者

That is too slow to keep up with modern parlance.

parlance: n. a manner of speaking 用语;语调。放入原文中指的是现代人说话所用的语言,更偏向于第一种释义。


07

  又是一个相当有趣味性的结尾,与开头达成了相声般的应和。结尾段只用一句话就对前部分进行了一个简短的总结,更多的是在展望新词的去处与收录新词的挑战。那么,OED是如何添加新的词汇的呢?

扩展:OED新词添加流程


1

词汇监测:OED有一个“监视列表”数据库,用于收集可能被考虑加入词典的新词。

2

证据收集:新词被识别后,需要证明这个词在不同来源中被不同作者使用过。证据可以来自印刷书籍、报纸、在线网站和电影等。

3

二次监测(持续监测):对于尚未积累足够证据的词汇,他们会留在监视列表中继续被监测;而那些使用广泛且持续的词汇会被分配给编辑。

4

编辑研究:编辑会对词汇进行研究,追溯词汇的发展历史,这可能包括搜索社交媒体、报纸档案、在线论坛、学术研究、杂志等。

5

 词典条目起草:即记录词汇,这包括词汇本身、发音、形式、词源、定义、例句引用等。对于现有词汇的新含义,这些内容会被加入到条目的相应位置。

6

团队转录:OED专业团队会创建并编辑词汇最常见的发音音频文件,并转录到词典;也包括文献学家审查引用文献,以确保来源准确。

1

最终审批:一旦词典条目被每个团队批准,就会被传递给最终审批团队进行最后批准,才能正式进入OED。

2

发布更新:条目会在OED在线季度更新中发布,每个更新都会介绍最新一批词汇的关键主题和值得注意的新加入词汇。










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  The phenomenon of old words taking on new meanings and the creation of new words mentioned in the article are unique and entirely new cultural situations of the information age. For old words, perhaps some improper usage would distort their original meanings, but to a greater extent, the different usage and new meanings in new contexts bring to them a new life. As one of the fundamental components of language, the original purpose and significance of vocabulary is to serve humanity, rather than merely clinging to their original meanings and becoming history. Social media like TikTok has brushed away the dust of time and history from ancient words, giving them the opportunity to be used again and new connotations, promoting the collision and exchange of old and new cultures.

  Secondly, the author also mentions the explosive growth of new words poses a great challenge to dictionary compilation. According to the Oxford Dictionary editorial team, TikTok produces around ten thousand new words each year. In fact, the difficulty goes beyond this; new words often reflect the characteristics of an era very well. It is only because we live in an era of information overload that we consider most new words to be just useless information. If we do not pay attention to and include these words, future generations may lack very valuable materials for studying the characteristics of contemporary language and the times. How should we balance comprehensive inclusion with selective inclusion? In the long run, how should we collect words and categorize them to provide valuable materials for future studies on the history and patterns of language development? These are some problems waiting to be solved.







1

文章源自The Economist 2024年10月26日期刊

2

单词释义参考《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》《韦氏大学英语词典》《柯林斯词典》

OED新词添加流程参考https://www.oed.com/

图片来源于百度百科

注:本篇外刊仅用来学习使用,无任何商业用途!



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