2023级《经济学人》导读 阶段二 | Obituary:Fethullah Gulen

教育   2024-11-18 12:36   重庆  


2017 年 7 月 10 日,美国土耳其神职人员费图拉·居伦 (Fethullah Gulen) 在美国宾夕法尼亚州塞勒斯堡的家中。 

查尔斯·莫斯托勒/路透社


OBITUARY

Fethullah Gulen

The scholar-preacher who tried to transform Turkey from within died on October 20th, aged 83

Lead-in

“Our religious leader the great Fethullah Gülen who dedicated his life to Islam and serving humanity has walked on to the horizon of his spirit.”(“我们的宗教领袖,伟大的法土拉·葛兰,他将自己的一生献给了伊斯兰教,为人类服务,他已经走上了他精神的地平线。”)—— X(Twitter)


“A traitor, an enemy of religion and a terrorist who spent his entire life plotting against the country.”(法土拉·葛兰是一个叛徒、一个宗教公敌、一个一生都在密谋反对国家的恐怖分子。)—— State broadcaster TRT


在土耳其,法土拉·葛兰无疑是一位不容忽视的传奇人物。他的一生,如同一部跌宕起伏的史诗,交织着信仰、权力与理念的碰撞。葛兰从最初的白手起家,成功建立了“灯塔”学校,为土耳其乃至全球的穆斯林教育事业树立了新的标杆;到逐渐发展出自己的势力,吸引了一大批忠诚的追随者,与他们共同致力于传播伊斯兰教的理念;再到因政变未遂而受到指责,让他的声誉受损,从此与“土耳其”决裂,再也无法返回。尽管如此,葛兰从未放弃自己的信念,他继续在海外传播自己的思想,与世界各地的穆斯林共同探讨伊斯兰教的未来与发展。

我们也将从这篇讣告(obituary)中,去探寻葛兰背后的故事,去体会葛兰一直以来的心路历程。去了解他究竟是个怎样的人?(Para 1)又是如何一步步扩展势力,成为土耳其乃至全球伊斯兰运动的重要领袖?(Para 2-5)又是如何因政变未遂而与土耳其决裂,再也无法返回?(Para 6-10)

Gulen's Character

Fethullah Gulen

法土拉·葛兰

葛兰是土耳其著名的伊斯兰思想家、苏菲导师、哲学家、教育家、诗人,以及土耳其和周围国家数百万穆斯林的精神与社会导师,在中亚国家拥有很大的影响力。

葛兰于1941年4月27日出生在土耳其东部埃尔祖鲁姆省哈珊卡尔堡区的科鲁卡克村,他的父亲是一名当地的伊斯兰教士。他从小在一个虔诚的宗教家庭中长大,母亲教会他诵读古兰经,父亲教会他阿拉伯语和波斯语。他受到了土耳其著名伊斯兰学者、库尔德人赛义德·努尔西的著作《光明信札》的影响。他没有经历过太过系统的学校教育,但他阅读了西方和东方的文化、思想和哲学的著作,并坚持学习现代科学知识。

葛兰一生笔耕不辍,出版过40多本著作,有《最后的先知—穆罕默德的生命面貌》、《苏非思想—伊斯兰的心灵旅程》、《伊斯兰信仰精义》、《智慧珠玑》、《信仰珠玑》、《走向失去的乐园》、《信仰问答》等。


Text Reading

Mind Map

Text Analysis





part 1 Basic Information

第一部分主要介绍了法土拉·葛兰的身份和他晚年的生活状态,并描述了葛兰在土耳其及其他穆斯林社群中的影响力,表现出了他作为伊斯兰教的精神领袖的形象,引出了后续对其人生故事的讲述。

AT THE CENTRE of a luxury retreat centre in the wooded Poconos Mountains in Pennsylvania, a stocky elderly man sometimes walked slowly about.

在宾夕法尼亚州树木繁茂的波科诺山脉的一个豪华度假村的中心,有一位矮壮的老人有时在四处散步。

(walked slowly直译为“慢慢地走动”,可以意译为“散步”;about在这里是“四处,到处”的意思,作为地点状语,表示“walked”的行动范围)

a luxury retreat centre - 一个豪华度假村中心

    - retreat n. a quiet, private place that you go to in order to get away from your usual life 僻静处,隐居处(意译为度假村)

wooded adj. covered with trees 树木茂盛的

stocky adj. (of a person) short, with a strong, solid body 矮壮的,敦实的 - thickset


In his native Turkey he was under investigation, and from 2014 a wanted man.

在他的祖国土耳其,他正接受调查,并从 2014 年起成为一个通缉犯。

under investigation 正在接受调查

wanted adj. being searched for by the police, in connection with a crime 受通缉的


When, reluctantly, he let BBC journalists come to interview him that year, he showed them his living quarters: not the grand Ottoman-style palace at the centre of the private estate, but two rooms in an adjacent building.

那一年,当他勉强让英国广播公司的记者来采访他时,他带记者们参观了他的居所:不是位于私人庄园中心的宏伟的奥斯曼风格宫殿,而是相邻建筑中的两个房间。

reluctantly adv. 勉强地

    - reluctant adj. hasitating before doing sth because you do not want to do it or bacause you are not sure that it is the right thing to do 勉强的,不情愿的

living quarters - 居住区(一个人住的房间)

    - quarters [pl.] n. rooms to live in 住房(常以复数形式出现,这里用此词来体现葛兰住处的简朴,凸显他的性格特征)

private estate - 私人庄园

    - estate n. a large area of land, usually in the country, that is owned by one person or family 庄园 

    - on an estate

adjacent adj. next to sth 与...相连的

    - adjacent to sth

“Ottoman-style palace”

(奥斯曼风格宫殿)

奥斯曼风格宫殿深受伊斯兰文化的影响,同时融合了拜占庭、波斯、希腊等多种文化元素。这种跨文化的融合使得宫殿在建筑风格上独具特色,既体现了伊斯兰建筑的雄伟与庄严,又融合了其他文化的精致与细腻。

奥斯曼风格宫殿通常规模宏大,建筑雄伟。它们常常采用大理石、石头和精美的陶瓷等材料进行装饰,使得宫殿在外观上显得豪华而精致。

宫殿内部装饰充满了伊斯兰文化的元素,如著名的伊兹尼克陶瓷和手绘瓷砖。这些装饰不仅美观大方,还富有深刻的宗教和文化内涵。

His bedroom barely had space for a mattress on the floor, his prayer mat, a chest of drawers and a glass-fronted cabinet.

他的卧室只有放一张床垫、祈祷垫、一个抽屉柜和一个玻璃柜的空间。

have space for 有...的空间

mattress n. the soft part of a bed, that you lie on 床垫

prayer mat 祈祷垫

    - prayer n. the act or habit for praying 祷告,祈祷(的行为)

    - mat n. a small piece of thick carpet or strong material that is used to cover part of a floor 垫子

a chest of drawers 一个抽屉柜,五斗柜

glass-fronted cabinet 玻璃柜(特指柜子的正面是玻璃)

    - glass-fronted adj. 正面是玻璃的

    - cabinet n. a piece of furniture with doors, DRAWERS and/or shelves, that is used for storing or showing things 储藏柜,陈列柜


The second room, however, was lined with crammed bookshelves, and on a desk was a computer.

而第二个房间则摆满了一排排的书架,书桌上放着一台电脑。

be lined with sth 一排排的...

    - line vt. to form lines or rows along sth 沿...形成行(或列、排)

crammed bookshelves 摆满的书架(指葛兰房间中的书非常多,多到整个房间都是书架)

    - crammed adj. full of things or people 挤满的


Through this Fethullah Gulen still regularly preached, in his archaic and Koran-coloured cadences, to his millions of followers in Turkey and beyond.

通过这台电脑,法土拉·葛兰仍然定期用他那古老的、带有古兰经色彩的语调,向他在土耳其和其他国家的数百万追随者传教。

preach vt. to tell people about a particular religion, in order to persuade them to accept it 宣传,宣讲(教义)

archaic adj. from a much earlier or ancient period of history 古老的,古代的

Koran-coloured 具有古兰经色彩的

    - Koran n. the holy book of the Islamic religion written in Arabic, containing the word of Allah as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad 《古兰经》

cadence n. the rise and fall of the voice in speaking (说话时语调的)抑扬顿挫

“Koran”

《古兰经》

一、基本信息

《古兰经》是伊斯兰教唯一的根本经典,“古兰”一词系阿拉伯语Qur'an的音译,意为“宣读”、“诵读”或“读物”。中国旧译为《古尔阿尼》《可兰经》《宝命真经》等。

据称是安拉在穆罕默德二十三年(公元610~632)的传教活动中适时地零星地用阿拉伯文降示的一部综合性大法典。它是伊斯兰教先知穆罕默德在23年的传教过程中陆续宣布的“真主启示”的汇集。

二、内容概述

《古兰经》的全部内容确立了伊斯兰教的基本教义和制度,同时反映了穆罕默德时代阿拉伯半岛希贾兹地区的社会现实和伊斯兰教传播过程中的斗争概况。

三、历史与传承

伊斯兰教主张《古兰经》“降示”于610年(伊斯兰教历9月)的“盖德尔”夜,直到632年穆罕默德逝世,“启示”中止。

穆罕默德在麦加传教时期,就有人记录他宣布的启示。正式设置启示记录人是在迁到麦地那之后。穆罕默德逝世后,哈里发艾布·伯克尔等人为了将《古兰经》保存下来,决定搜集、整理分散的记录,并加以核对、誊清。644年奥斯曼任哈里发时,为了向人们阐述教义,重新进行订正、整理,统一《古兰经》的内容和章次编排,整理成书后,定为“奥斯曼定本”。

四、宗教意义

伊斯兰教认为《古兰经》是“神圣的语言”,是伊斯兰教信仰和教义的最高准则;是伊斯兰教法的渊源和立法的首要依据;是穆斯林道德行为的重要准绳;也是伊斯兰教各学科和各派别学说赖以建立的理论基础,对伊斯兰教的教义、哲学、文学、历史等领域产生了深远的影响。

It was through this he was to become the second-most-powerful man in Turkey, with only President Recep Tayyip Erdogan surpassing him.

正是因此,他曾经成为了土耳其权势第二大的人,仅次于雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安总统。(后半句直译为“只有总统胜过他”,可以意译为“葛兰的权力仅次于总统”)

surpass vt. to do or be better that sb/sth 胜过,优于

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

(雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安)


埃尔多安是土耳其共和国现任第12任总统及正义与发展党主席。

埃尔多安早年曾是职业足球队员,后毕业于马尔马拉大学经贸学院。在读书期间,他加入了主张政教合一的土耳其繁荣党。

1994年3月,埃尔多安当选伊斯坦布尔市市长。在任期间,他致力于城市改革和基础设施建设,使伊斯坦布尔经济繁荣、治安良好。2014年,埃尔多安在土耳其首次总统直选中以51.79%的得票率当选土耳其第12届总统。2018年,他成功连任土耳其总统。2023年,埃尔多安在总统选举第二轮投票中再次获胜,继续担任土耳其总统。

埃尔多安在任职期间,对内镇压库尔德起义,维护国家稳定;也积极推动经济社会改革,提升女性地位。他激烈反对以色列,并谋求成为伊斯兰世界的领导者。同时,他也致力于改善土耳其与欧盟等西方国家的关系。




Part 2 Life Experiences

第二部分从葛兰的人生经历切入,围绕他所创办的学校(Para2-3)、秉持的理念(Para4-5)、和埃尔多安关系的转变(Para6-8)以及生前面临的困境与纠葛(Para9-10)这四个维度,深入讲述葛兰的故事,将其“究竟是个怎样的人”生动的展现了出来,让读者对他有了更为深刻的认识。

“His Schools”

As a travelling preacher in eastern Anatolia in the 1970s, he had set up "lighthouses" for poor but devout boys who could not otherwise get an education: boys much as he had been in this hard region, learning the Koran at a tender age, hanging on the wise talk of village elders rather than playing with his friends, surrounded by the smoke of the incense lamp his imam father lit in the evenings. 

20 世纪 70 年代,作为安纳托利亚东部的一名巡回传教士,他为那些贫穷但虔诚的男孩建立了 “灯塔”学校,这些男孩无法通过其他方式接受教育:他们和他一样生活在这个艰苦的地区,自幼学习《古兰经》,专心致志地听村里长者的教诲,而不是和朋友们玩耍,晚上被伊玛目父亲点燃的香灯的烟雾所包围。

(这个句子的主句是“he had set up lighthouses”;“as”在这里用作介词,译为“作为”;“for poor but devout boys who could not otherwise get an education”是“lighthouses”的补足语;冒号后接了一个同位语从句,是对“poor but devout boys”的进一步描述和类比。句中的“lighthouses”被用来指代由葛兰建立的学校,表现了葛兰对教育的重视,凸显了葛兰作为一个教育家的贡献。)

set up... 建立...

devout adj. (of a person) believing strongly in a particular religion and obeying its laws and practices 虔诚的,笃信宗教的

otherwise adv. in a different way to the way mentioned 以其他方式

get an education 获得教育

much as 和...一样

at a tender age - used in connection with sb who is still young and does not have much experience 在少不更事的年纪时

hang on sb's words - to listen with great attention to ab you admire 专心致志地听所崇拜的人讲话,洗耳恭听某人的话

light the incense lamp - 点燃香灯

 - incense n. a substance that produces a pleasant smell when you burn it, used particularly in religious ceremonies 香(尤指宗教礼仪用的)

  - imam n. (in Islam) a religious man who leads the prayer in a MOSQUE 伊玛目(在清真寺内领拜的人)/ the title of a religious leader 阿訇(伊斯兰教领袖头衔)


He added to his curriculum, though, ideas he had picked up later, including modern science and Western philosophy, all blended with a mild, mystical Sufi strain of Islam. 

他在他的课程中增加了后来他学到的思想,包括现代科学和西方哲学,所有这些都融合了温和的、神秘的苏菲派伊斯兰教义。

curriculum n. the subjects that are included in a course of study or taught in a school, college, etc. (学校等的)全部课程

pick up - to get information or a skill by chance rather than by making a deliberate effort (偶然)学到

blend with sth - to form a mixture with sth (和某物)混合,融合

a strain of - 一种

- strain n. a particular type of sth 类型,种类

“Sufism”

(苏菲派)

一、基本信仰

苏菲派是伊斯兰教神秘主义派别的总称,严格遵循伊斯兰教的基本信仰。即信仰安拉(真主)是宇宙万物的创造者、养育者和主宰者,是唯一的神。他们相信穆罕默德是真主的使者,是伊斯兰教的传播者和奠基人。

二、神秘主义思想

苏菲派将伊斯兰教信仰赋予隐秘奥义,并奉行苦行禁欲的功修方式。他们认为,通过修行和冥想,可以达到与真主合一的境界。这种合一不是简单的认同或服从,而是通过内心的直觉和体验,认识到自己与真主之间的本质联系。

三、万有单一论

在安拉(真主)与万物的关系上,苏菲派主张“万有单一论”。他们认为,万物皆源于真主,最终也将归于真主。这种思想体现了苏菲派对宇宙统一性的深刻认识。

四、人主合一论

在安拉(真主)与人的关系上,苏菲派主张以无限热爱安拉为核心的人主合一论。他们认为,通过修行和冥想,人可以逐渐净化自己的灵魂,摆脱世俗的束缚,最终达到与真主合一的境界。这种合一是一种精神上的解脱和超越,是苏菲派修行的最高目标。

五、直觉认主的神智论

在认识论上,苏菲派主张直觉认主的神智论。他们认为,真正的认识不是通过理性分析获得的,而是通过内心的直觉和体验获得的。这种直觉是一种超越理性和感官的认知方式,能够直接洞察到真主的本质和存在。

六、出世主义

在两世观上,苏菲派主张出世主义。他们强调对尘世的超越,追求精神上的解脱和与真主的合一。这种出世主义并不是逃避现实,而是对现实的一种深刻洞察和超越。苏菲派认为,只有通过修行和冥想,才能摆脱世俗的束缚和诱惑,达到真正的精神自由和解脱。

七、修行方式

苏菲派的修行方式注重内心体验和神秘启示。他们通过念经、祈祷、默想、冥想等方式来与真主沟通,寻求内心的平静和启示。同时,他们也注重身体的训练,如节食、苦行等,以此来锻炼意志力和忍耐力。在精神的修炼上,苏菲派强调长期的内心沉思和冥想,以达到“无我”状态,与真主合一。


The schools multiplied, and acquired dormitories; at their peak there were 2,000 in Turkey and abroad. 

他的学校数量成倍增加,并购置了宿舍;在他办校的巅峰时期,在土耳其和国外共有2000 所学校。

acquire vt. to obtain sth by buying or being given it 购得

at one's peak 在...的巅峰


His schools were so good that parents fought to get their children on the list. 

他的学校非常好,以至于家长们都争着把自己的孩子送进这里。

get sb on the list - 把某人列入名单(这里指家长们都想让自己的孩子在葛兰学校的录取名单上)

fight vt. to try very hard to get sth or to achieve sth 努力争取

    - fight to do sth


Their graduates breezed through exams for the civil service, the army and government jobs. 

他学校的毕业生在公务员、军队和政府工作的考试中都轻而易举地通过了。

breeze through sth - (informal) to do sth successfully and easily 轻易通过

    - breeze vi. to move in a cheerful and confident way in a particular direction 轻盈而自信地走


By 2016 his followers, "Gulenists", as people called them, held an estimated 30% of the top judiciary posts and 50% of jobs in the police.

到 2016 年,他的追随者(人们称之为 “古伦派”)估计占据了 30% 的最高司法职位和 50% 的警察职位。

hold vt. to have a particular job or position 担任,任职

estimate vt. to form an idea of the cost, size, value, etc. of sth, but without calculation it exactly 估计,估算

judiciary post - 司法职位

    - judiciary n. the judges of a counrty or a state, when they are considered as a group (统称)审判人员,司法部门

    - post n. a job, especially an important one in a large organization 职位,(尤指)要职 - position

“Gulenists”

(古伦派)

Gulenists通常指的是追随土耳其伊斯兰学者法土拉·葛兰(Fethullah Gülen)及其思想体系的信徒或团体。

葛兰的思想体系强调伊斯兰教的和平、宽容和包容性,主张通过教育和文化来促进社会的和谐与进步。他反对极端主义和暴力行为,认为这些行为违背了伊斯兰教的真正教义。

葛兰及其追随者非常重视教育,认为教育是改变社会、促进和谐与进步的重要途径。他们致力于建立学校、大学等教育机构,以传播葛兰的思想和教义。

Gulenists主张和平、宽容和对话,反对通过暴力手段来解决问题。他们相信,通过和平的方式可以更好地实现社会的和谐与进步。

在土耳其,Gulenists曾一度拥有广泛的影响力,特别是在教育领域。他们建立的学校和教育机构在土耳其社会中占据了重要地位,为土耳其的教育事业做出了贡献。

除了土耳其,Gulenists的思想和教义也传播到了其他国家,特别是在中东和南亚地区。他们通过建立学校、文化中心和宗教机构等方式,传播葛兰的思想和教义,并积极参与当地的社会和文化活动。

Their presence was so ubiquitous that they formed a state within the state.

他们的存在是无处不在的,形成了一个“国中之国”。

presence n. (of a thing or a substance) the fact of being in a particular place or thing 存在

ubiquitous adj. (formal or humorous) seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time 似乎无所不在的


“His Ideas”

“Dark”, “opaque” and “secret” were the words often applied to them.

“黑暗”、“不透明 ”和 “秘密 ”是他们经常使用的词语。

opaque adj. not clear enough to see through or allow light through 不透明的,浑浊的

apply to - 使用

    - apply vt. to use sth or make sth work in a particular situation 使用


His organization-for his network of schools, thanks be to God, had rapidly grown into one—was called Hizmet, “service”.

感谢上帝,因为他学校体系的扩展,已经迅速发展成一个被称作希特泽的组织,意为“服务”。

(从上下文推断,句子中的“network of schools”应指的是葛兰的学校规模大、范围广,像一张大网一样;而不可直译为“学校的网状系统”或“学校的网络”,可以意译为“学校体系的扩展”。)

grow into sth - to gradually develop into a particular type of person or thing over a period of time 逐渐变为,发展成

句子中的“thanks be to God”是一个固定短语,表示“幸亏有上帝(或神)的保佑”。它在这里作为插入语,用于强调说话者对某个积极结果的感激之情,并将这个积极结果归因于上帝的保佑。

这个短语在宗教语境中更为常见。在现代英语中这个短语并不常见,它更多地出现在宗教文献、诗歌或旧式英语中。在现代口语和书面语中,人们可能更倾向于使用“thanks to God”或“thank God”来表达类似的意思。

“Hizmet”

(希特泽)

Hizmet是一个由土耳其著名伊斯兰学者法土拉·葛兰(Fethullah Gülen)创立的运动或组织,在土耳其语中的意思是“服务”。

Hizmet运动起源于土耳其,由法土拉·葛兰于20世纪70年代初创立。葛兰致力于将伊斯兰教的传统教义与现代社会的需求相结合,提出了一系列关于宗教、科学、社会和谐等方面的新见解。

Hizmet的核心理念是服务人类、以取悦真主。它强调无私、谦逊和努力工作,致力于通过教育、道德价值观和社会服务来推动社会的和谐与进步。Hizmet认为,伊斯兰教不仅与西方民主和世俗原则可以共存,而且通过对话与相互尊重,能够搭建起不同文化和宗教间和谐共处的桥梁。

Hizmet在全球范围内建立了庞大的学校与教育机构网络,旨在培养具备全球视野与坚实道德基础的未来领导者。这些教育机构大多采取世俗教育模式,强调批判性思维与解决问题的能力,同时坚守伊斯兰教的道德教义。Hizmet还通过社会服务组织深入参与慈善活动,从偏远地区的教育设施建设到清洁水源与医疗服务的提供,展现了其对社会责任的深刻承诺。

Hizmet自创立以来,逐渐在土耳其国内外产生了广泛的影响。其成员在教育、政府、商界、传媒、智库等领域都占据了重要地位。

然而,随着Hizmet影响力的日益扩大,其非政治性的初衷也逐渐受到挑战。尽管葛兰及其追随者一再强调运动的非政治性质,但不可否认的是,该运动在土耳其内部逐渐形成了不可忽视的政治力量。

一些政治势力指责其为具有潜在政治野心的影子组织,威胁着土耳其的世俗秩序。特别是在2016年未遂政变后,土耳其政府指责Hizmet运动为幕后黑手,要求国际引渡葛兰,指控其试图建立“平行国家”,从事颠覆活动。

这一事件进一步加剧了政府与Hizmet运动之间的紧张关系。

His followers were working for pluralism, peace and clean government; they emphasised friendly relations with other faiths; they believed, as he insisted he did, in democracy, free markets and free speech. 

他的追随者致力于多元化、和平和廉洁政府;他们强调与其他宗教信仰的友好关系;正如他所坚持的那样,他的追随者相信民主、市场自由和言论自由。

work for - 致力于…

    - work vi. to make efforts to achieve sth 争取,力争,努力取得

pluralism n. the existence of many different groups of people in one society, for example people of different races or of different political or religious beliefs (不同种族、不同政治或宗教信仰的多种群体共存)

faith n. strong religious belief 宗教信仰


They should move within the arteries of the secular system, he told them, without anyone noticing, until they reached all the centres of power.

他告诉他们,他们应该神不知鬼不觉地在世俗体系的各领域中行动,直到到达所有权力中心。

artery n. any of the tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body 动脉 

(在“the arteries of the secular system”中,应用了“隐喻-metaphor”。“arteries”本义是动脉,是生物体内用于输送血液的重要血管,负责将富含氧气和营养物质的血液输送到身体的各个部位;在这个语境中,将“世俗系统-secular system”比作一个生物体,并将其内部的权力流动、信息传递或资源分配渠道比作“动脉”,生动形象的展现了葛兰的理念,形象地描述了如何在复杂的社会或政治体系中秘密而有效地行动,以达到掌控权力的目的。)

secular adj. not connected with spiritual or religious matters 现世的,世俗的,非宗教的


He liked to compare this subtle, incremental work to restoring a ruined house. 

他喜欢把这种不明显的、循序渐进的工作比作修复被毁坏的房屋。(  根据上文,这里的“这种工作”指的是“让他的追随者不动声色的在世俗世界里行动,直到到达权力中心”)

compare vt. to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different 对比,比较

    - compare A to B 将A与B进行比较

subtle adj. (often approving) not very obvious or easy to notice 不易察觉的,不明显的

incremental adj. 

    - increment n. a regular increase in the amount of money that sb is paid for their job 定期加薪

(逐渐的到达权力中心,本质也是薪酬的逐渐提高;作者化用“incremental”的本义,使文字更形象,更易理解作者所表达的深意)


Islam in Turkey was now corrupted. 

土耳其的伊斯兰教现在已经腐败了。

corrupt vt. to have a bad effect on sb and make them behave in a way that is not honest or moral 使腐化


It was their duty to rebuild it in the ancient style as a place of halls and heavenly kiosks, welcoming and peace, filled with light and with ideas of immortality. 

他们的责任是根据古老的风格重建一个地方,使其成为一个舒适又和平,有殿堂和天堂般凉亭的,充满光明和不朽思想的地方。

heavenly kiosk - 天堂般的凉亭

- kiosk n. a small shop, open at the front, where newspapers. drinks, etc. are sold 小亭

immortality n. the state of living or lasting forever 不朽


It might seem that the hurly-burly of politics did not belong there. 

骚动的政治似乎并不属于这里。

(从这里可以看出葛兰内心其实是不想被卷入政治的漩涡中的,但作为Hizmet的领导人不得不参与到政治当中。)

hurly-burly n. a very noisy and busy activity or situation 骚动


But Islam did not require its adherents, especially civil-society groups, to leave politics alone.

但伊斯兰教并不要求其信徒,尤其是民间社会团体,对政治置之不理。

adherent n. a person who supports a particular set of ideas (某种思想的)拥护者,追随者,信徒 - supporter

civil-society groups 民间社会团体

leave sth alone - to stop touching, changing, or moving sth 不碰,不变动,不移动


“His Relationship 

with the Turkish President”

He was elected in 2002 by the people, but with few supporters in the bowels of government. 

他于 2002 年由人民选举产生,但在政府内部支持者寥寥无几。

(在“the bowels of government”中,应用了“隐喻-metaphor”,将“肠道-bowels”比作“政府”的内部或深层结构;与生物体内的复杂器官系统相类比,形象的展现出政府内部存在着的复杂和难以理解的权力结构。)


Mr Gulen posed no threat to him, for he was already in America. 

古伦先生对他不构成威胁,因为他已经在美国。

pose treat to sb - 对某人造成威胁

  - pose vt. to create a threat, problem, etc. that has to be dealt with 造成(威胁、问题等)


And his followers embedded in the bureaucracy could dispatch all the president's critics to maximum-security jails. 

而他在官僚机构中的追随者可以将总统所有的评论者送进安全级别最高的监狱。

be embeded in sth - 在...中根深蒂固

    - embed vt. to fix sth in a substance or solid object 把...牢牢地嵌入(这里指葛兰的追随者深深的扎根在政府的官僚机构中)

bureaucracy n. a system of government in which there are a large number of state officials who are not elected 官僚体制

dispatch sb to maximum-security jails - 将某人送到安全级别最高的监狱

- dispatch vt. to send sb/sth somewhere, especially for a special purpose 调遣,送出

- maximum-security jail - 安全级别最高的监狱


They proved the ideal instrument to clinch Mr. Erdogan's grip on power.

他们证明,他们是加强总统埃尔多安权力控制的理想工具。

(“他们”指的是在官僚机构中的葛兰的众多追随者)

instrument n. a person who is used and controlled by sb/sth that is more powerful 受利用(或控制)的人,工具

clinch one's grip on power - 牢牢控制…的权力

- clinch vt. to succeed in achieving or winning sth 成功取得,赢得

grip n. control or power over sb/sth (对...的)控制,影响力

    - grip on power (grip on sb/sth)


The president then fell out with him in spectacular fashion. 

总统埃尔多安以惊人的方式与葛兰决裂。

fall out (with sb) - to have an argument with sb so that you are no longer friendly with them (与某人)吵翻,闹翻


Then, in 2016, an army faction backed by Gulenists staged a violent coup. 

然后,在2016年,一个由古伦派支持的军队派别发动了暴力政变。

faction n. a small group of people within a larger one, whose members have some different aims and beliefs to those of the larger group (大团体中的)派别,派系

back vt. to encourage sb or give them help 支持

stage a coup 发动政变

    - stage vt. to organize and take part in action that needs careful planning, especially as a public protest 组织,筹划

2016年土耳其政变

一、事件背景

时间:2016年7月15日晚间

地点:土耳其安卡拉等地

涉事方:土耳其武装部队总参谋部部分军官

二、事件经过

2016年7月15日晚间,土耳其武装部队总参谋部部分军官企图发动军事政变。

政变期间,土耳其武装部队总参谋部曾传出枪声,土耳其空军总司令及其部分部队高级将领被劫持。土耳其广播电视协会(TRT)电视台被政变军人控制,女主播被强迫宣读政变军人起草的声明。政变军人还闯入土耳其一家私营媒体的道安媒体集团的媒体中心,中断了美国有线电视新闻网土耳其语频道的新闻直播。

土耳其总统埃尔多安通过社交媒体及时发声,号召民众走上街头抗议政变。土耳其政府迅速采取行动,包括出动战机和直升机在空中警戒,以及大量救护车在武装部队总参谋部大院附近待命。经过激烈交火,土耳其政府最终平息了政变。

三、事件结果

政变造成265人死亡,其中包括161名民众与警察、104名叛变士兵,另有1440人受伤。

政变平息后,土耳其政府开始对涉嫌参与政变的人员进行追捕和审判。数百名军官、警察和政府官员被捕,其中包括多名高级将领和将军。

土耳其政府还解除了部分军官的职务,并对涉嫌参与政变的法官进行了拘捕和解职。

2018年5月21日,土耳其西部伊兹密尔省法院判处104名未遂政变涉案人员终身监禁,其中21人被额外判处20年监禁。

四、事件影响

政治:政变事件对土耳其的政治稳定产生了深远影响。埃尔多安政府加强了对军队的控制和监督,并推动了一系列改革措施来巩固民主制度。

经济:政变事件对土耳其的经济也造成了一定冲击。投资者信心受到打击,股市和汇市出现波动。

社会:政变事件引发了土耳其社会的广泛关注和讨论。民众对政府的应对能力和军队的忠诚度产生了质疑,同时也对国家的未来发展方向进行了深入思考。

五、事件幕后

土耳其总统埃尔多安指责流亡美国宾夕法尼亚州的宗教人士费图拉·居伦是此次政变的幕后策划者,认为其领导的“居伦运动”(即Hizmet运动)成员参与了此次政变。然而,居伦对此予以否认,并谴责了这次政变。

有报道指出,美国中央情报局可能是此次政变的幕后推手之一。然而,这一说法并未得到官方证实。

Mr. Erdogan responded with mass indiscriminate purges. 

埃尔多安以大规模不加判断的对异己的清除作为回应。

mass adj. affecting or involving a large number of people or things 大批的,广泛的

indiscriminate adj. acting without careful judgement 不加分析的,不加判断的

purge n. the act of removing people, often violently, from an organization because their views are unacceptable to the people who have power (对异己的)清洗,清除,暴力铲除


In the corruption investigation, how could he have issued orders to the judges to act? 

在腐败调查中,他怎么可能向法官下达行动命令?(“他”指葛兰)

corruption n. dishonest or illegal vehaviour, especially of people in authority 腐败

inssue order 发出/下达命令

    - issue vt. to make sth known formally 宣布,发出,下达

   


As for the coup, he had suffered through four, and was insulted to be linked to another. 

至于政变,他已经经历了四次,如果再与另一次扯上关系,他将受到侮辱。

insult vt. to say or do sth that offends sb 侮辱

be linked to sth 和...联系/相关联


How could he, a scholar concerned with wisdom and the divine breaths of poetry, softhearted as a child, a man who stressed good manners and had never in his life missed a prayer, involve himself in this fight?

他是一个关注智慧和诗歌神圣气息的学者,一个像孩子一样心地善良的人,一个强调礼仪、一生从未错过祈祷的人,怎么会卷入这场斗争呢?

divine adj. coming from or connected with God or a god 天赐的,神圣的

stress vt. to emphasize a fact, an idea, etc. 强调,着重

involve vt. to make sb take part in sth 使参与,使加入

    - involve sb in sth 使某人加入...

“CIA”

CIA,全称Central Intelligence Agency,即美国中央情报局,是美国政府的情报、间谍和反间谍机构,主要职责是公开和秘密地收集和分析关于国外政府、公司、恐怖组织、个人、政治、文化、科技等方面的情报,协调其它国内情报机构的活动,并把这些情报报告到美国政府各个部门的工作。

CIA的主要任务是公开和秘密地收集和分析关于国外政府、公司、恐怖组织、个人、政治、文化、科技等方面的情报,协调其它国内情报机构的活动,并把这些情报报告到美国政府各个部门的工作。它也负责维持大量军事设备,这些设备在冷战期间用于推翻外国政府参加特别行动,以及反间谍情报活动。

然而,CIA也因其行动和决策而受到批评和争议。有时,CIA的行动被指责为过于秘密或过于暴力,甚至可能违反了国际法和人权。此外,CIA还因其在国内和国外进行的秘密实验和情报收集活动而受到质疑。


“His Dilemma and Entanglement”

That serene mask, however, often slipped aside. 

不过,这副平静的面具经常会滑落到一边。

(这句话表达出了葛兰对埃尔多安所作所为的动容,暗示他内心有着复杂的情绪波动)

serene mask - 平静的面具

    - serene adj. calm and peaceful 平静的


He pitied his oppressors, but declared them stains on the pages of history. 

他同情他的压迫者,但又宣称他们是历史的污点。

(这句话体现出他对那些与自己对立者的矛盾态度,一方面有怜悯之情,另一方面又强烈谴责,认为他们的行为是不光彩的,会被历史所诟病。)

pity vt. to feel sorry for sb because of their situation 同情

oppressor n. a person or group of people that treats sb in a cruel and unfair way, especially by not giving them the same rights, etc. as other people 压迫者

a stain on sth - …的污点

    - stain n. something that damages a person's reputation, so that people think badly of them (名声上的)污点


With savage chops of his right hand and arms appealing to the heavens, he cursed Mr. Erdogan online and wanted to spit in his face. 

他一边向上激烈地挥舞着他的右手和手臂,一边在网上谩骂着埃尔多安,恨不得朝他脸上吐口水。

savage chop - 猛烈的动作(砍或挥舞)

- savage adj. involving very strong criticism 猛烈抨击的

 - chop n. an act of cutting sth in a quick movement downwards using an AXE or a knife 砍,劈

spit in his face - 朝他脸上吐口水


He bewailed the state of Turkey under him, and feared for its future.

他对埃尔多安统治下的土耳其感到悲哀,并为其未来担忧。

bewail vt. to express very sad feelings about sth 悲悼,哀叹


Turkey had appealed frequently for his extradition, and there was plenty of circumstantial evidence, including his audience with two coup leaders; but the Americans needed more. 

土耳其曾多次想要引渡他,而且有大量间接证据,包括他与两名政变领导人的会面;但美国人(指美国中央情报局)需要更多证据。

extradition n.

    - extradite vt. to officially send back sb who has been accused or found guilty of a crime to the country where the crime was committed 引渡(嫌犯或罪犯)

circumstantial evidence - 间接证据

- circumstantial adj. containing information and details that strongly suggest that sth is true but do not prove it 间接的


He still insisted that he did not want power, but did not object when his followers in the Poconos venerated his shoes, or fought over the scraps he had left on his plate. 

他仍然坚称自己不想要权力,但当他在波科诺斯的追随者崇拜他的鞋子,或争抢他盘子里的残羹剩饭时,他并不反对。

(这句话进一步体现他对权力和世俗的复杂态度,一方面声称不想拥有权力,另一方面却在追随者的崇敬行为中默认了自己某种特殊的地位,这种矛盾加深了他形象的复杂性。)

venerate vt. to have and show a lot of respect for sb/sth, especially sb/sth that is considered to be holy or very important 崇敬,敬仰

scraps n. [pl.] food left after a meal 残羹剩饭


He was their leader and Messiah, and could have been Turkey's too. 

他是他们的领袖和救世主,本来也可以成为土耳其的领袖和救世主。

Messiah n. a leader who people believe will solve the problems of a country or the world 救世主


As it was, all he had of it, in his glass-fronted cabinet, was a small collection of different sorts of dry Turkish sand.

然而,在他的玻璃橱柜里,他只有一小堆不同种类的土耳其干沙。

(这句话表达出了葛兰内心的遗憾和失落感,尽管他有这样的影响力和抱负,但最终只能通过收藏土耳其沙子来维系与祖国的某种情感联系,象征着他与土耳其之间一种微妙而又充满无奈的关系。)

读完文章,

让我们来揭晓前文所提问题的答案!


他是个怎样的人?

葛兰是一位学者兼传教士,他的形象具有多面性。首先,他生活简朴,居住环境简陋。虽身处豪华度假中心,但选择住在相邻建筑的普通房间。其次,他在宗教和思想传播上极具影响力。通过其带有古老和宗教色彩的布道风格,在网络上向土耳其及其他地区的数百万追随者布道。然而,他因与土耳其的政治动荡事件有关,备受争议。


是如何扩展势力,成为土耳其乃至全球伊斯兰运动的重要领袖?

20 世纪 70 年代,他创办 了“灯塔” 学校,在学校的课程中融入现代科学、西方哲学、苏菲派伊斯兰教等内容。学校不断发展,规模也不断扩大,教学质量也不断提升,吸引众多家长争抢入学名额。其毕业生也在社会各个领域占据广泛的职位,形成强大势力。

他的组织“Hizmet”秉持多元主义、和平、民主等理念,在世俗体系中发挥作用,逐步扩大了他的影响力。


是如何因政变未遂而与土耳其决裂,再也无法返回?

他与埃尔多安因都希望增加伊斯兰教在公共生活中的影响而结盟。2013 年,居伦主义者开始调查政府腐败,逮捕了总统的许多盟友,引发了双方的矛盾。2016 年,有居伦主义者支持的军队发动暴力政变,造成了 250 人死亡,这使得双方关系彻底决裂。

此后,葛兰隐居在美国,并多次否认自己参与了2016年的政变;也因土耳其方的证据不足,未能将他引渡回国。

Summary and Comment

This obituary reports on the passing of Fethullah Gulen, a thinker who devoted his life to the education. The obituary details his life story, shows the development of his influence in Turkey and his cooperation and conflict with Mr. Erdogan, and highlights Gulen's contributions in the Muslim world.

Gulen was undoubtedly a controversial and complex figure. Although he has repeatedly stated that he does not want power, his strong influence has triggered intense political power struggles. However, he was also a sincere educator in the world. He was often attacked by both the "left" and "right", the "secular" and "religious" in Turkey, but he still was determined to open a way to the future and to reform education at the present. In Jill Carroll's book Dialogue Across Civilizations: Gulen's Islamic Ideas and Humanist Discourse, notes that Gulen, Confucius, and Socrates all shared a vital role in advocating for the education, as well as at the level of national governance and community leadership. They all believed in the advancement of human society as a whole toward the ideal, and that education was the primary means of achieving success.

In Gulen's educational ideas, he emphasized the holistic development of students, focused on moral education, advocated the integration of education with the real world, and insisted on the concept of balanced development of education. He believed that education should achieve a general balance in terms of quantity, size or hierarchical structure in order to ensure a balanced quality of education. Confucius also emphasized that the purpose of education is to cultivate moral and cultured persons. He advocated “education for all without discrimination” and maintained that education should be open to all, with moral education as the first priority, focusing on the development of students' moral qualities and sense of social responsibility.

Gulen's life was one of persistent pursuit of ideals and beliefs. His advocacy of educational reform crossed geographical and cultural boundaries to inspire people of different faiths and ethnicities. He guided people to start thinking about how to reform education to build a more better next generation of human society in a pluralistic and complex world.

References

  1. 牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第10版). (2024). Cp.com.cn. https://oalecd10.cp.com.cn/web#/desktop/dict

  2. Yeung, J., & Lilieholm, L. (2024, October 21). Fethullah Gulen, Turkish cleric once blamed for failed coup attempt, dies at 83. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/21/middleeast/fethullah-gulen-turkish-cleric-dies-at-83-intl/index.html

  3. 百度百科——全球领先的中文百科全书. (2022). Baidu.com. https://baike.baidu.com/item/274687

  4. 奥斯曼帝国建筑:创新助繁荣!. (2023). Baidu.com. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1778165392780930551&wfr=spider&for=pc

  5. 土耳其政治风云:埃尔多安的和平计划与反对派的发声_国际形象_改革_领导. (2024, November 3). Sohu.com. https://www.sohu.com/a/823500834_122066675

  6. 阿拉伯哲学中的神秘主义:苏菲派的智慧与启示_真主_内心_社会. (2024, October 30). Sohu.com. https://news.sohu.com/a/821475491_121846117

  7. 霍群英. (2018). 马景:法土拉·葛兰伊斯兰思想在东南亚的传播-宗教与政治-中国宗教学术网. Cass.cn. http://iwr.cass.cn/zjyzz/201812/t20181218_4795327.shtml

  8. 吉尔•卡罗尔, & 吉尔•卡罗尔. (2009, September 2). 葛兰与萨特论责任. Fgulen.com. https://fgulen.com/cn/?view=article&id=24077&catid=809

  9. Michel托马斯•米切尔 T., & Michel托马斯•米切尔 T. (2006, April 20). 作为教育者和宗教导师的葛兰Fgulen.com. https://fgulen.com/cn/life-zh-cn/life-cn/others-view-of-fethullah-gulen-cn/fethullah-gulen-as-educator-and-religious-teacher

  10. 本期外刊选自The Economist 2024年10月26日期刊

注:本篇外刊仅用来学习使用,无任何商业用途!

文字&排版 | 2023级国关3班冯俊源

指导教师 | 黄慧


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