微言航普 | 世界上第一张航空保险单是何时签署的？

航空保险，是指包括民用航空活动、军用航空活动和警用航空活动以及航天活动所涉及的各类主体的各种风险的一种保险。

航空保险是航空风险经营的方法之一，也是航空风险分散的一种方式。航空保险起源于二十世纪早期，“一战”后，随着商业航空的发展，航空保险才呈现真正的重要性，2001年“9•11”事件后，航空保险日益受到重视。

Aviation insurance refers to a kind of insurance involving various risks of various subjects involved in civil aviation activities, military aviation activities, police aviation activities and space activities.

Aviation insurance is one of the methods of aviation risk management, and also a way of aviation risk diversification. Aviation insurance originated in the early twentieth century. After World War I, with the development of commercial aviation, aviation insurance showed its real importance. After the "9.11" incident in 2001, aviation insurance has been paid more and more attention.

关于世界上第一张航空保险单是何时签署的，存在一些争议。有说法认为航空保险单最早是于1908年在伦敦产生的；也有资料显示，第一张航空保险单是1912年在英国签发的；而劳合社主席 AL Sturge于1923年在伦敦召开的国际航空法大会上演讲时说：“航空保险单可追溯到1909年，在1910年公司已经发现有这种保险单。“有学者认为，第一个飞机承保团是劳合社和白十字保险协会共同组建的，他们起草了最早的航空保险条款，而白十字航空保险协会是英国成立的世界上第一家飞机保险专业机构。

There is some debate about when the world's first aviation insurance policy was signed. It is said that the first aviation insurance policy was produced in London in 1908, and some data show that the first aviation insurance policy was issued in Britain in 1912; AL Sturge, chairman of Lloyd's, said in a speech at the International Air Law Conference held in London in 1923: "Aviation insurance policies date back to 1909, and the company has found such insurance policies in 1910.". "Some scholars believe that the first aircraft insurance group was formed by Lloyd's and the White Cross Insurance Association."Yes, they drafted the earliest aviation insurance clauses, and the White Cross Aviation Insurance Association was the first professional aircraft insurance organization in the world established in Britain. 

关于航空保险起源确切的时间有不同说法，但可以肯定的是，飞机首次成功飞离地面是在1903年，到1910年前后，飞机制造业已有一定的发展，飞机保险开始有所需求。

There are different opinions about the exact time of the origin of aviation insurance, but it is certain that the first successful flight of aircraft off the ground was in 1903, and by 1910, the aircraft manufacturing industry had developed to a certain extent, and aircraft insurance began to be in demand. 

国际航空保险在1914-1918年间发展遇到了诸多阻碍。尽管航空运输的需求增加，保险公司对飞机风险的评估能力有限，且缺乏相关专业知识的人才。第一次世界大战后，航空技术的进步与飞行员转向保险业的趋势，推动了航空保险行业的成长。战后，分散高风险需求的推动下，保险联营成为解决航空风险的有效方式，伦敦航空保险联盟和英国航空保险集团等组织的成立，标志着航空保险市场的成型与壮大。

1914-1918, the development of international aviation insurance encountered many obstacles. Despite the increasing demand for air transport, insurance companies have limited ability to assess aircraft risks and lack of relevant expertise. After the First World War, the progress of aviation technology and the trend of pilots turning to insurance industry promoted the growth of aviation insurance industry. After the Second World War, insurance pool became an effective way to solve aviation risks under the impetus of the demand for dispersion of high risks. The establishment of organizations such as London Aviation Insurance Union and British Aviation Insurance Group marked the establishment of aviation insurance pool.The formation and growth of the empty insurance market.

二战后，航空技术和航空工业的发展推动了民用航空的迅速崛起，军用运输机逐步转为商用，保险行业对航空的承保需求激增。英国和美国的保险公司相继设立航空险部门，劳合社也专门成立了航空保险委员会，伦敦市场成为了全球航空保险中心。

After World War II, the development of aviation technology and aviation industry has promoted the rapid rise of civil aviation, military transport aircraft has gradually turned to commercial use, and the insurance industry's demand for aviation insurance has increased sharply. Insurance companies in Britain and the United States have set up aviation insurance departments, Lloyd's has also set up a special aviation insurance committee, and the London market has become a global aviation insurance center.

受“9•11”恐怖事件的影响，国际航空险承保人取消了所有保单中的战争第三者责任险条款（简称 AVN 52C），并以 AVN S2D/E 替代。国际航空险承保人对全球航空公司发出通知，原有的战争险保单于7日后作废，必须重新拟定承保条件，签订新保单。新保单于格林威治时间9月25日0时0分起生效，新的保险条件包括大幅提高保费、降低第三者责任赔偿限额、每次事故赔偿最高不超过5000万美元。

Affected by the "9.11" terrorist incident, international aviation insurance underwriters cancelled the war third party liability clause (AVN 52C) in all insurance policies and replaced it with AVN S2D/E. International aviation insurance underwriters have issued a notice to global airlines that the original war insurance policy will be cancelled after 7 days, and they must redraft the insurance conditions and sign a new policy. The new policy came into effect at 00:00 GMT on September 25. The new insurance conditions include a substantial increase in premiums, a reduction in the limit of third-party liability compensation, and a maximum compensation of $50 million per accident.

商业保险市场上的AVNS2D/B 远远不能满足航空公司的战争恐怖风险保障需求，因此，航空险市场在使用 AVN 52D/E后不久，推出了 AVN52 超赔保障措施，但其征收的额外保费给航空公司带来了沉重的财务负担。于是，航空公司纷纷要求本国政府为民航业提供保险支持。

AVNS2D/B in the commercial insurance market is far from meeting the needs of airlines for war terror risk protection. Therefore, shortly after the use of AVN 52D/E in the aviation insurance market, AVN52 overcompensation protection measures were introduced, but the additional premium levied by AVN 52D/E has brought a heavy financial burden to airlines. As a result, airlines have asked their governments to provide insurance support for the civil aviation industry.

许多国家与地区政府，包括中国、新加坡、美国、澳大利亚及欧洲主要国家的政府最后都决定拨款对战争责任险赔偿限额的差额部分给予担保，保证航空公司飞机的正常运营。

The governments of many countries and regions, including China, Singapore, the United States, Australia and major European countries, have finally decided to allocate funds to guarantee the difference of the compensation limit of war liability insurance to ensure the normal operation of airline aircraft.