冬天，飞机也要洗“热水澡”
In winter, the plane also has to take a "hot bath"?
近日，多地迎来直线式降温，冻得人瑟瑟发抖，不过对于很多民航人来说，冷还是其次，再过不久面临的就是让人头疼的飞机除冰。
Recently, many places have ushered in a linear cooling, which makes people shiver, but for many civil aviation people, cold is secondary, and it will not be long before they face a headache of aircraft de-icing.
很多小伙伴会问：飞机起飞，机身抖动，发热，冰块不就自然掉了？为何还要专门给飞机除冰？为何要旅客先登机再除冰呢？为何要让大家在飞机上傻傻等待？
Many friends will ask: When the plane takes off, the fuselage shakes and heats up, won't the ice fall naturally? Why de-ice the aircraft? Why do you want passengers to board the plane first and then de-ice? Why make everyone wait stupidly on the plane?
这就有关飞机地面除冰、应急出口的相关要求和规定。
This is related to the relevant requirements and regulations for aircraft ground de-icing and emergency exits.
飞机地面除冰方法和程序
Aircraft ground de-icing methods and procedures
由于民航史上曾发生过多起由于飞机结冰导致的航空事故，所以飞机除冰已然成为了机场和航空公司共同关注的重要问题。
Due to the history of civil aviation, there have been many aviation accidents caused by aircraft icing, so aircraft de-icing has become an important issue for airports and airlines.
早期，给飞机除冰的方法是用热水喷洒在飞机的机翼和尾翼前缘除冰，效果很好。但是当外界温度远远低于零度时，热水在低温环境下会很快在飞机表面上重新冻结，只有在使用热水除冰后的三分钟之内起飞，才可以起到除冰防冰的作用，有很大的局限性。
In the early days, the method of de-icing aircraft was to spray hot water on the leading edge of the wing and tail of the aircraft, and the results were very good. However, when the outside temperature is far below zero, the hot water will quickly refreeze on the surface of the aircraft in a low temperature environment, and only take off within three minutes after using hot water to de-icing can it play the role of de-icing and anti-icing, which has great limitations.
现在使用最多的除冰方法是用经过加热（大于80℃）的混合配比乙二醇除冰液喷洒到飞机的典型表面用以清除冰层并同时起到防冰作用，一步操作完成除冰和防冰工作。
At present, the most commonly used de-icing method is to spray a heated (>80°C) mixture of ethylene glycol de-icing fluid onto the typical surface of the aircraft to remove the ice and at the same time play an anti-icing role, completing the de-icing and anti-icing work in one step.
至于飞机在地面或者空中防除冰的具体过程，每型飞机都有一套科学、严谨的防除冰程序，并在飞机飞行手册（AFM）中清楚地给出。
As for the specific process of aircraft anti-icing on the ground or in the air, each type of aircraft has a set of scientific and rigorous anti-icing procedures, which are clearly given in the aircraft flight manual (AFM).
根据不同的运行要求和当地机场的政策，发动机慢车工作或关闭状态下的除冰可以在登机门区域、在专门的除冰区或稍微推离登机门区域的地方进行。在由除冰人员执行除冰时，对这些不同的除冰方法适用下列通用的通讯程序：
Depending on the operational requirements and the local airport's policy, de-icing with the engine in slow operation or with the engine closed can be carried out in the gate area, in a dedicated de-icing area or slightly pushed away from the gate area. When de-icing is performed by de-icing personnel, the following general communication procedures apply to these different de-icing methods:
发动机关闭或慢车（向驾驶舱发手势信号要求关闭发动机）。
Engine off or slow down (gesture to the cockpit to turn off the engine).
1号除冰人员：（在除冰开始前）“确认刹车就位。确认飞机做好喷洒准备”。
De-icing Officer No. 1: (Before de-icing begins)" "Make sure the brakes are in place." Confirm that the aircraft is ready to spray".
机长：（刹车就位、关闭空调组件等之后）“刹车己就位，空调系统已关闭，飞机己做好喷洒准备”。
Captain: (After the brakes are in place, the air conditioning components are turned off, etc.) "The brakes are in place, the air conditioning system is turned off, and the aircraft is ready to spray".
或在开始使用除冰/防冰液前，地面除冰/防冰人员向机长确认航空器是否处于适当的除冰/防冰构型，例如：“机长，此飞机是否可以进行除冰/防冰”。
or before starting to use the de-icing/anti-icing fluid, the ground de-icing/anti-icing personnel confirm with the pilot-in-command that the aircraft is in the appropriate de-icing/anti-icing configuration, e.g., "Captain, is this aircraft de-icing/de-icing".
在完成除冰/防冰后，地面除冰/防冰人员向机长通报使用除冰/防冰液的类型、浓缩比例和最终使用液体的开始时间。
After the de-icing/anti-icing is completed, the ground de-icing/anti-icing personnel inform the captain of the type of de-icing/anti-icing fluid to be used, the concentration ratio and the start time of the final use liquid.
飞机地面除冰过程中，需要短暂关闭飞机座舱的空调系统，这是因为在地面除冰过程中，如果不关闭飞机空调系统，除冰液蒸汽通过飞机动力装置引气进入飞机空调系统，进而污染飞机座舱的空气。因此，在进行地面除冰之前，必须关闭飞机发动机引气活门，以及APU引气活门，空调系统也不得不随之关闭。
In the process of aircraft ground de-icing, it is necessary to temporarily turn off the air conditioning system of the aircraft cockpit, because during the ground de-icing process, if the aircraft air conditioning system is not turned off, the de-icing liquid vapor enters the aircraft air conditioning system through the aircraft power unit, and then pollutes the air in the aircraft cockpit. Therefore, before ground de-icing, the aircraft engine bleed air flap had to be closed, as well as the APU bleed air valve, and the air conditioning system had to be closed with it.
在地面除冰完毕后，仍需要使发动机和APU运转1分钟以上，保证除冰液污染排除干净后方可打开动力装置引气活门，恢复座舱空调系统。
After the ground de-icing is completed, it is still necessary to let the engine and APU run for more than 1 minute to ensure that the de-icing fluid contamination is cleared before opening the power unit bleed air flap and restoring the cabin air conditioning system.
航空器运营过程中安全性，除了持续适航性的保证以外，还需乘客和机组人员共同保持，飞行过程中需乘客配合机组人员落实各项规定，例如起飞和着陆过程中调直座椅靠背、收起小桌板、打开遮光板等要求，因为这每一项规定都是合情合理，与旅客安全息息相关。因为不怕一万，就怕万一。当旅客与机组人员发生矛盾时，需要双方保持冷静基础上做好协调沟通工作，保证飞机运营安全永远都是放在第一位的。
In addition to the guarantee of continuous airworthiness, the safety of aircraft during operation also needs to be maintained by passengers and crew, and passengers need to cooperate with the crew to implement various regulations during flight, such as straightening the seat back, stowing the tray table, opening the light shield during take-off and landing, because each of these regulations is reasonable and closely related to the safety of passengers. Because if you are not afraid of 10,000, you are afraid of what if. When there is a conflict between passengers and the crew, both parties need to maintain calm and do a good job of coordination and communication, and ensure that the safety of aircraft operation is always the first priority.
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部分图文来源于《大飞机》/民航资源网/知乎助我飞
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