“公平的起跑线”改革与基础教育公共服务均等化——以上海市“公民同招、民办摇号”政策为例
文摘
财经
2024-09-30 14:39
上海
“公平的起跑线”改革与基础教育公共服务均等化——以上海市“公民同招、民办摇号”政策为例
Reform of “Fair Starting Line” and Equalization of Public Services for Basic Education: Taking the Policy of “Synchronous and Lottery Enrollment for Private Schools” Implemented in Shanghai as a Case Study
《财经研究》2024年50卷第8期 页码：124-138 online：2024年8月3日
中：童健1 , 薛景2
英：Tong Jian1, Xue Jing2
作者单位：1. 中央财经大学 财政税务学院，北京 102206; 2. 东北财经大学 经济学院，辽宁 大连 116012
摘要：发展公平而有质量的基础教育是教育改革的核心目标，近年兴起的基于“起点均等化”改革的政策效应尚未得到充分研究。文章以2020年3月上海市“公民同招、民办摇号”政策为例，构建学校选择的竞争性均衡模型分析政策影响机制，并采用双重差分模型评估政策效应。文章发现：（1）政策实施后民办初中附近房租下降了大约0.86%，民办初中热度下降，达成“起跑线公平”的政策目的，然而，政策也带来了上海市主城区房价上涨3.75%，造成“以房择优”的教育不公平风险溢出；（2）政策实施后家庭学区房投资更加关注公立初中的教育质量，带来“小学第三梯队、初中第一梯队”对口学区房价格显著上涨了10.9%，而“小学第一梯队、初中第三梯队”对口学区房价格却显著下降了2.71%，出现了“削峰填谷”现象；（3）“多校划片”改革显著削弱了“公民同招、民办摇号”政策带来的教育资本化溢价。这说明“起点均等化”改革在建立“起跑线的公平”的同时可能带来教育不公平风险溢出，需要“质量均等化”措施和“机会均等化”措施的协同，才能从根本上促进基础教育优质均衡发展。
关键词：基础教育；起点均等化；公民同招；多校划片；资本化效应
Summary: Taking the policy of “synchronous and lottery enrollment for private schools” implemented in Shanghai in March 2020 as a case study, this paper constructs a competitive equilibrium model for school choice to analyze the impact mechanism of the policy and evaluates the policy effect using a DID model. The findings are as follows: (1) After the policy was implemented, the rent near private middle schools in Shanghai decreased by about 0.86%, indicating a decline in the popularity of private middle schools, so that the policy’s initial goal of equalizing starting points was achieved. However, the policy also led to a 3.75% increase in housing prices in the main urban areas of Shanghai, resulting in a spillover risk of educational inequality caused by “choosing schools based on housing”. (2) After the policy was implemented, families investing in school district housing paid more attention to the educational quality of public middle schools. This led to a significant 10.9% increase in housing prices for districts where primary schools are in the third tier but middle schools are in the first tier, while prices for districts where primary schools are in the first tier but middle schools are in the third tier decreased significantly by 2.71%, leading to the “flattening peaks and filling valleys” phenomenon. (3) The “multi-school zoning” reform significantly weakened the educational capitalization premium brought about by the policy. This indicates that reforms based on “starting-point equalization” may lead to a spillover risk of educational inequality while creating a fair starting line. The marginal contributions of this paper are as follows: First, it introduces the uncertainty of public services into the competitive equilibrium model for school choice, and evaluates the risk spillover and policy synergy effects after the implementation of the policy, enriching the theoretical research on the capitalization effect of public services. Second, it focuses on the “opportunity equalization” policy effect of fair starting line, providing new evidence for the policy effect research of China’s equalization reform measures in basic education. Third, it illustrates that unavoidable implicit social costs in mandatory institutional transitions can be mitigated through policy synergy, offering policy insights into the practice of public service equalization.
Key words: basic education; starting-point equalization; synchronous enrollment; multi-school zoning; capitalization
DOI：10.16538/j.cnki.jfe.20240415.401
收稿日期：2023-11-07
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金青年项目（72103032，71903207）；国家社会科学基金后期资助重点项目（23FJYA003）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金；中央财经大学科研创新团队支持计划
