![]()
T细胞在适应性免疫应答中扮演核心角色。其功能是通过识别抗原启动一系列免疫过程，包括激活、增殖、效应和记忆化。整个免疫应答可以分为以下五大阶段：
T细胞免疫应答的详细过程
1. 激活阶段
- 激活是T细胞免疫应答的起点，依赖于抗原呈递细胞(APC)的信号刺激。
- T细胞激活需要三个信号，分别由抗原、共刺激分子和细胞因子提供。
2. 克隆扩增阶段
激活后的T细胞迅速分裂并形成大量克隆群体，用于扩大战斗规模。3. 效应阶段
效应T细胞执行免疫功能，其功能包括直接杀伤感染细胞、激活其他免疫细胞或分泌调控性分子。4. 衰退阶段
- 效应T细胞在完成免疫任务后，通过程序性细胞死亡（凋亡）减少数量。
T细胞应答动力学与疲劳状态
1. T细胞应答动力学
2. T细胞疲劳（T Cell Exhaustion）参考文献
Zhu, J., & Paul, W. E. (2010). Heterogeneity and plasticity of T helper cells. Cell Research, 20(1), 4–12.Kaech, S. M., & Cui, W. (2012). Transcriptional control of effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. Nature Reviews Immunology, 12(11), 749–761.Sallusto, F., Geginat, J., & Lanzavecchia, A. (2004). Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance. Annual Review of Immunology, 22, 745–763.Wherry, E. J., & Kurachi, M. (2015). Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion. Nature Reviews Immunology, 15(8), 486–499.Pardoll, D. M. (2012). The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nature Reviews Cancer, 12(4), 252–264.Sakaguchi, S., Yamaguchi, T., Nomura, T., & Ono, M. (2008). Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance. Cell, 133(5), 775–787.Zhu, J., Yamane, H., & Paul, W. E. (2010). Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations. Annual Review of Immunology, 28, 445–489.Williams, M. A., & Bevan, M. J. (2007). Effector and memory CTL differentiation. Annual Review of Immunology, 25, 171–192.Ahmed, R., & Gray, D. (1996). Immunological memory and protective immunity: understanding their relation. Science, 272(5258), 54–60.Harty, J. T., & Badovinac, V. P. (2008). Shaping and reshaping CD8+ T-cell memory. Nature Reviews Immunology, 8(2), 107–119.Seder, R. A., & Ahmed, R. (2003). Similarities and differences in CD4+ and CD8+ effector and memory T cell generation. Nature Immunology, 4(9), 835–842.Wherry, E. J. (2011). T cell exhaustion. Nature Immunology, 12(6), 492–499.Pauken, K. E., & Wherry, E. J. (2015). Overcoming T cell exhaustion in infection and cancer. Trends in Immunology, 36(4), 265–276.Kaech, S. M., Wherry, E. J., & Ahmed, R. (2002). Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2(4), 251–262.Sallusto, F., Lanzavecchia, A., Araki, K., & Ahmed, R. (2010). From vaccines to memory and back. Immunity, 33(4), 451–463.
