Part.01
导言 - 定语从句的价值
英文名著有个特点，长句子特别多，绕人。而这些长句子中，肯定少不了定语从句。
英语定语从句（Relative Clause）是个‘现象级’的存在 - 它具有‘既不重要，又特别难’的特点。
说它不重要，是因为定语从句即使再难，再长，它的本质也是个‘定语’。在六项句子结构，即‘主谓宾定状补’中，排名第四，享受不到‘主谓宾’的主干地位。
比如：Tom has a cute kitten. 如果必须要去掉一个字又不影响全句含义，cute 作为定语会首当其冲被‘牺牲’掉。
即使作为’定语‘，定语从句也要和其他语法结构’共享定语大世界‘。
英文句子中可以做定语来修饰名词/代词的成分多样又灵活，定语从句只是其中之一。
例如：
- 形容词做定语：a cute kitten. （可爱的猫宝宝）
- 分词做定语：a moving car. （移动中的车）
- 介词词组做定语：the woman in black (穿黑衣的女人）
- 动词不定式做定语：the next train to arrive （将要到达的火车）
- 定语从句：a riddle which shares with the universe the merit of having no answer （与宇宙一样无解的谜语）
再说定语从句的难 （ 欢迎大家留言一起吐糟哈）
首先是理解难 -
在简单的文本中，比如绘本，桥梁书中，定语从句出现的比较少。越是经典的文学作品，细节越多，节奏越慢，长句子也越多。读《傲慢与偏见》，《福尔摩斯探案集》这样的书时，容易读着读着就‘读丢了’ - 这都哪儿跟哪儿啊，谁在修饰谁呢？重读！
其次是语法难：
与定语从句相关的知识覆盖面广，词性，句子成分，主谓一致，时态和谐，以及标点符号，都是‘干货‘。学习的时候，需要明确知识点之间的勾稽关系，循序渐进，才能越学越明白。
还有，定语从句使用难：
- 写作的时候，首先你的脑子里要有足够的细节，否则都轮不到使用定语从句。
- 当你有很多话要说的时候，你还要清晰准确地把握句子的主从结构，不能喧宾夺主，把最重要的意思放在定语从句里。
- 定语从句也不能一股脑一直用下去。有那么多可以做定语的语法结构呢，得按照文章表达的需求换着用，读起来才流畅自然。
所以，定语从句虽然‘不重要且难’，它却是高阶阅读与写作的基础基础语言储备。定语从句有关的知识点从中考到考研就没断过，早点学明白了，后面就省事了。
我会分2个帖子来写定语从句的内容。重点讲基础概念之间的勾稽关系，常见错误分析。为了便于大家边读边理解，我把练习题也分解到了每一个小部分，我们边讲边练。
学校的课程中也会把定语从句作为重点来讲。所以，学校肯定会讲而且会经常练的内容，我就一带而过。
Part.02
定语从句的基础概念 -
先行词和引导词（也叫关联词）
我们在第一部分已经明确了定语从句的作用就是做定语。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，就是先行词。
This is the bookthat my mother has read many times.
这个例句中，book是先行词，后面划线的是定语从句，修饰book.
先行词是定语从句的主人。不管定语从句有多长，它都是为了提供关于先行词的额外信息。
引导词，也叫关联词，，可以理解为先行词在从句中的‘替身’，放在从句开头的位置。在理解从句的意思时，可以把引导词替换为先行词。
在This is the book that my mother has read many times. 这个例句中，我给大家按照‘数学证明题‘的方式来解释一下先行词和引导词的关系。
步骤1: 'that' 就是定语从句的引导词，也是先行词'book‘的替身。
步骤2：在理解从句意思的时候，要把that 替换成book.
步骤3: 替换后，要给book 在从句中找到属于自己的位置。从句的意思就可以替换成：my mother has read the book many times.
book 在从句中的作用是read的对象/受众，即宾语。所以先行词的替身- that - 虽然位置是放在了从句的开头，但是在句子意思上，它在从句中起到了宾语的作用。
这个推理过程很重要。懂了，就可以避免答错定语从句的难题了，写了病句也会自己改了。
重要的知识，咱们要多练，边讲边练。请你读下面的句子，并且按照上述示范找出1）先行词；2）引导词；3）引导词在从句中的作用。
例句2: There were only two occasions of release which were not punishment. (选在'The Giver').
答案如下：
1）先行词two occasions of release - 对，先行词也可以是个词组。
2) 引导词 which，指代的含义就是two occasions of release.
3) 从句的完整意思转为：two occasions of release were not punishment.
4） 引导词在从句中起到了主语的作用。
Part.03
定语从句引导词的分类
定语从句的引导词通常分为关系代词或关系副词：
关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that
关系副词：when, where, why
既然都是引导词，为什么还要叫不一样的名字呢？
答案离不开第二部分中先行词和引导词的推理转换练习。
当引导词在从句中做主语/宾语/定语的时候，此时的引导词就被称作关系代词 - 因为代词才能做主语/宾语和定语呀。
当引导词在从句中做的是状语的时候，它们就叫关系副词 - 因为副词才能做状语呀。
例句3. I still remember the day when we had a picnic together.
我们来推理转换这个例句：
先行词：the day
引导词：when，含义就是the day.
把引导词的含义代入到定语从句中：we had a picnic together that/the day.
引导词在从句中的成分是时间状语。
引导词when的分类就是关系副词。
按照这样的推理思路，定语从句中的难点 - 选择引导词 - 就变得非常容易，做选择题绝不会错。
例句 4. I live in a city .......(引导词） looks rather like my hometown in Guangdong.
例句 5. I live in the city ....... (引导词）my husband and I first met.
这两个例句中，先行词都是city, 但是，例句4的引导词要用that/which, 因为它在从句中做主语 (the city looks rather like my hometown in Guangdong). 例句5的引导词是where, 因为它在从句中是做地点状语的(My husband and I first met in the city)。
理解了例句4 和例句5，如果你再听到有人说当先行词是个地点式，后面的从句要用where引导, 你就一定要大喊，错❌
上面的内容都看懂了，咱们练几道题 - 请根据句意选择 where 或 which 填空：
The hotel _____ we stayed last night was very comfortable.
The hotel _____ is located downtown is expensive.
This is the school _____ I studied ten years ago.
答案：
The hotel where we stayed last night was very comfortable.
The hotel which is located downtown is expensive.
This is the school where I studied ten years ago.
Part.04
定语从句的分类
定语从句是为先行词提供额外的信息。有的额外信息是重要的，有的则不太重要。根据信息的重要程度，定语从句可以分为两类：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句提供必要的信息，直接限定先行词的范围。如果省略这个从句，句子的意思可能会不完整或发生改变。
限制性定语从句不需要用逗号与主句分开。
例句：
Books that are well-written sell better.
从句限定了books这个先行词的范围。把书的范围缩小到写作水平高的书。这样整个句子才合理。写作水平高的书好卖。
The students who study hard will pass the exam.
同样地，从句限定了先行词的范围。去掉从句，整句话的意思就变了，变成是个学生就能考试合格，那显然是不对的。
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句提供附加信息，即使省略，从句也不会影响主句的基本意思。非限制性定语从句需要用逗号与主句隔开。
例句：
My teacher, who has taught for 20 years, is retiring.
这句话里的先行词是my teacher, 从句提供了关于先行词的额外信息，但是，没有这个信息，并不改变主句My teacher is retiring的基本含义。
Paris, which is the capital of France, is known for its beauty.
这句话留给你自己练习，分析下为什么应该用非限制性定语从句。
Part.05
定语从句的常见错误及分析
1. 误用关系代词：
错误：The woman which lives next door is a nurse.
正确：The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
2. 遗漏关系代词：
错误：The movie I saw last night was thrilling.
正确：The movie that I saw last night was thrilling. （口语中可以省略“that”）
3. 混淆限制性和非限制性定语从句：
错误：My friend who is a teacher will join us.（如果你有多个朋友，这样说是对的；如果只有一个朋友，则应加逗号）
正确：My friend, who is a teacher, will join us.
Part.06
定语从句的常规知识点 - 学校肯定会讲的
1. 关系代词的省略：当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，可以省略。
The book (that) I bought is interesting.
2. 介词提前：在正式文体中，介词可以提前到关系代词前。
The person to whom you were speaking is my uncle.
3. 非限制性定语从句不能用“that”：在非限制性定语从句中，不能使用“that”作为关系代词。
My car, which is over ten years old, still runs well.
4. 关系代词和关系副词的用法
关系代词
Who：指人，作主语或宾语。
The girl who is singing is my sister.
Whom：指人，作宾语，常在正式文体中使用。
The man whom you met is a doctor.
Whose：表示所属关系，指人或物。
The writer whose book you like will attend the event.
Which：指物，作主语或宾语。
The car which was damaged has been repaired.
That：指人或物，作主语或宾语，在限制性定语从句中使用。
The movie that we watched was exciting.
关系副词
When：指时间，等同于“in/on/at which”。
I remember the day when we first met.
Where：指地点，等同于“in/at which”。
This is the house where I grew up.
Why：指原因，等同于“for which”。
Do you know the reason why she left?
Part.07
定语从句的非常规练习题
1. 请根据提示，将以下句子合并为含有定语从句的复合句。
1）The man is my neighbor. He helped me fix my car.
2）I visited the city. It is famous for its historical sites.
3）She couldn't remember the time. She left her hometown then.
答案：
1) The man who helped me fix my car is my neighbor.
2) I visited the city which is famous for its historical sites.
3) She couldn't remember the time when she left her hometown.
2. 关于中国A股股市大涨的小文章 - 找出定语从句，自己做一下推理转换小练习
China's A-Share Stock Market Sees Significant Growth Due to Economic Policies
Recently, China's A-share stock market has risen significantly. The government has introduced new economic policies that aim to stimulate growth. Investors are optimistic about the future, and many are buying stocks which they believe will increase in value.
One important policy is tax reduction for small businesses which need financial support. This helps companies that are struggling and allows them to expand. The government also invests in infrastructure projects which create more jobs for the people.
The central bank has lowered interest rates, which encourages borrowing and spending. This is good news for industries that rely on loans. Experts say that these measures which have been implemented will boost the economy.
Foreign investors who see potential in China are also entering the market. The cooperation between domestic and international investors creates a dynamic market that benefits everyone.
In conclusion, supportive policies and investor confidence have led to a rise in the A-share stock market. People who are interested in investing should pay attention to these developments.
3. 仿写这篇描述全红婵跳水获得冠军的场面的文章，写一写你心中最爱的奥运冠军吧。
Quan Hongchan Wins Diving Gold Medal with Perfect Performance
Quan Hongchan, a 14-year-old diver from China, won the gold medal in women's 10-meter platform diving at the Tokyo Olympics. She competed at the Aquatics Centre, where the world's top athletes gathered. Quan amazed the audience with her dives, which received almost perfect scores. She started diving to help her family, which is why she trains so hard.
Her hometown is the place where she began her journey in diving. The techniques that she performed were very difficult, but she executed them flawlessly. The moment when she stood on the podium was filled with emotion. Quan hopes to inspire other young athletes who have big dreams.
Part.08
未完待续。。
定语从句还有一个难点，涉及时态和主谓一致。
我讲动词的时态的方式和常规讲法不太一样，要分出足够的篇幅才能讲明白，所以咱们把这个话题留给下一个帖子单独讲。
也欢迎大家给我留言，告诉我你在定语从句中遇到的问题和难点，我们一起分析讨论。
