Part.01
导言
英语里有一组赫赫有名的语法概念，叫做Verbals. 我们已经讲过了动词不定式和分词的第一部分（链接见文末）。大家都说讲得很清晰易懂，且出乎意料;-)
今天讲最后一个verbal 形式 - 动名词。也欢迎大家关注我的公众号，专业讲解阅读写作的那些事。
首先回答读者留言提出的问题 - 如何区分动名词和现在分词。
其实，除了长的一模一样，动名词和现在分词真的一点关系都没有。如何一招搞定轻松区分，要从单词的‘词性’这个概念说起。
不管是中文还是英文，单词成千上万，都可以归入9大类词性。名词动词形容词副词介词等等....
词性虽然针对的是单词，但是很多时候一个单词的词性到底是什么，却需要根据它在句子里所承担的句子成分，即主谓宾定状补，才能确定。
比如walk, 可以是动词，也可以是名词，要放在具体的句子里才能确定它的词性。
I walk to school everyday. (walk 是动词，做谓语）
Let's go for a walk after dinner (walk 是名词，组成介词短语）
动词和名词长得一模一样的词在英语中非常多。简单的有run, play, dance, 复杂的词例如advocate, discourse, reprimand。
动名词和现在分词的区分也是一样的道理。长的一模一样，在句子里起到的作用完全不同。
动名词在句子里的作用是名词，可以做主语啊宾语啥的；而分词是形容词，得做定语。看过我前一个讲分词帖子的朋友，应该能够秒懂。
从语法的角度区分动名词和分词并不难。前提是能够理解单词的9大词性，能轻松划分句子的6大成分。然后根据单词在句子中担任的成分，就很容易区分出来是动名词和分词。
学习动名词真正的难点，是解决以下的问题：
既然动词有自己的名词形式（不管长的一样不一样），为啥还要用动名词来当名词用呢？动名词和真正的名词有什么区别？
在verbal 中，动名词和动词不定式，除了长得不像，其实功能非常相似，怎么用才对？含义表达的细微差别如何把握？
动名词里确实有个用法，最难理解。次次都能做对的娃，高考140+有戏。
感官动词的特征会让动名词，分词，从句都混在一起，如何辨析才能理解对，用对？
有了前面关于分词和不定式的讲解做铺垫，咱们争取一次就把动名词讲透。如果您还没有看过以前的帖子，建议先看，这样容易理解知识之间的勾稽关系。
Part.02
动名词的定义以及在句子中的作用
动名词英语是Gerunds, 翻译成动名词，非常传神精准。动名词是动词以-ing结尾，在句子中承担名词的角色，执行通常与名词相关的各种语法功能。
也就是说，名词能干啥，动名词就能干啥。
例子：
1. Swimming is my favorite hobby.（游泳是我最喜欢的爱好。Swimming是动名词，做主语）
2. Reading enhances knowledge.（阅读提升知识。）
3. Cooking requires patience.（烹饪需要耐心。）
以下是动名词可以承担的句子成分。大家在看例句的时候，要着重印证以下两个理解：
你是否能够判断出动名词所担任句子成分 - 以此判断自己对句子结构的基础理解是否到位；
从语法角度，理解名词能干的事，动名词也能干这个规律 （当然动名词和名词的含义会有微小差别，我们后面讲）
1 动名词作主语Jogging every morning boosts your energy levels.
2 动名词作直接宾语 She enjoys painting.
3 动名词作主语补语 His favorite pastime is fishing.
4 动名词作介词宾语They talked about traveling abroad.
5 动名词作同位语 Her job, writing articles, keeps her busy.（她的工作，即写文章，使她很忙碌。）
Part.03
动名词与名词的区别
先看例句 - walk
I walked about 10 miles today. (今天走了10英里 - walk 是动词，做谓语）
I went for a walk this morning.（我今天早上去散步了 - walk 是名词，做介词短语的宾语）
Walking is good for your health."（走路对你的健康有益。walking 是动名词，做主语）
动名词和名词表达的含义是有细微差别的。
1） 抽象与具象
第二句话中"Walk" 作为名词时，表达具体的行为或一次性的动作：通常指一次特定的走路行为。
而第三句话中"Walking" 作为动名词 "Walking is good for your health.‘ 指的是一般的活动或过程，即走路这一活动本身，更抽象和广泛。
所以，当孩子们开始学如何表达爱好的时候, go swimming, enjoy cooking, love hiking, 等等，都是用的动名词形式，因为爱好不是只做一次两次的事呀。
从理解句子含义的角度来区别词汇的用法，这个概念和意识非常重要。等我们接下来区分动名词和不定式的时候，还会用到。
2）动名词保留微弱动词特性
动名词保留了一些动词的性质，允许带宾语或被副词修饰：
"Walking the dog is part of his daily routine."（遛狗是他每日惯例的一部分。）
"Walking quickly helps burn more calories."（快速走路有助于燃烧更多卡路里。）
名词不能带宾语：
"His walk was refreshing."（他的散步令人神清气爽）。不能说 "His walk the dog was refreshing."
3）动名词含义范围更清晰
动名词和动作关联性强，范围清晰，更好地避免歧义：
例子："I am worried about his walking."（我担心他的走路状况。）- 这里强调的是走路的方式或能力。
如果说 "I am worried about his walk."，可能指他的步态（可能是生理上的），或者指他即将进行的一次散步。
综上所述，虽然有些动词的基本形式可以作为名词使用，但动名词在表达上提供了更多的灵活性，允许我们：
- 表达一般性或持续性的活动。
- 保留动词的特性，可以带宾语或被副词修饰。
- 避免歧义，表达更精确的含义。
我经常说，语法是为了清晰准确传递含义而服务的工具之一。所以我在讲语法的时候，非常重视句子含义的理解与语法知识的结合。
Part.04
动名词和动词不定式的对比
1. 相似之处
动名词和不定式都可以作为名词，充当句子的主语或宾语。
作主语：
动名词：Swimming is enjoyable.
不定式：To swim is enjoyable.
作宾语：
动名词：She likes swimming.
不定式：She likes to swim.
2. 动名词和不定式的区别 - 按照重要顺序排的
1) 谓语动词的偏好 - 有些谓语动词后面跟动名词，有些则跟不定式。
常跟动名词的动词：Enjoy（享受）、avoid（避免）、mind（介意）。
例子：They enjoy traveling.（他们喜欢旅行。）
常跟不定式的动词：Decide（决定）、plan（计划）、hope（希望）、want（想要）。
例子：They plan to travel.（他们计划旅行。）
2) 只有动名词可以放在介词之后
正确：He is good at drawing。
错误：He is good at draw/to draw pictures. - 在启蒙阶段特别容易出现的错误。
3) 表达动作目的的时候要用不定式 - 这个很容易掌握，也是孩子们最先会的那拨句型，之一。
例子：She went to the store to buy milk.（她去商店买牛奶。）
Part.05
动名词最难的知识点 - 高考140+拿捏🫴
1. 动名词的’所有格‘ - 这个概念容易懂，但是放在句子里却不容易辨认，所以写作容易用错，选择题也特别容易答错。
动名词既然是可以当成名词用，那就和名词一样，可以表达所属关系。
your book, Tom's book 表达了书/名词的所属关系; your walking, Tom's walking 是表达了动作与动作的发出者的所属关系。
动名词的所有格强调了某人拥有或负责动名词的动作。
例子：
1. I appreciated your coming to the meeting early.（我很感激你早早来开会。）
2. John's singing was exceptional.（约翰的歌唱非常出色。）
不管是考试的时候，还是日常写作的时候，用错‘所属关系’的代词很常见：
正确：I asked about his leaving early.
错误: I asked about him leaving early.
正确：We are exploring his joining the team.
错误: We are exploring him joining the team.
2. 感官动词带来的混淆
大家先来看看这五句话，哪些✅，哪些❌，对的为啥对，错的为啥错？五句话的含义都一样吗？
1) I heard them sang.
2) I heard them singing. (singing 作为动名词）
3) I heard their singing.
4) I heard them sing.
5) I heard them singing. （singing 作为分词）
6） I heard that they sang.
看晕了没？2和4咋还重复了？
别着急，咱们一点点来分析，挑出✅的句子，排除❌的句子。
如果你很清楚咱们正在讲的动名词所有格的概念，你会先挑出来第三句 I heard their singining 正确。
如果你知道不带to的不定式用法，你就会挑出来4. （如果不知道，一定点开这个帖子读！）
如果你掌握了宾语从句，你就会挑出来6.
如果你还知道感官动词的用法，你就会挑出来4，同时，排除1 （感官动词很复杂，需要单独讲，我正在给娃们做讲义呢）
如果你知道分词做状语的情况，你就会挑出来5. （分词做状语我也没写呢，属于分词的第二部分）
以上6句话里，第一句错了，依据是感官动词的用法。第二句也错了 I heard them singing. 依据就是我们讲的‘动名词’所有格的概念。
讲到这里，大家肯定可以看出所谓的’动名词‘难点了。仅仅是简单一句话的对错判断，牵扯的语法知识面就有这么多！
做选择题/判断对错的时候，如果对这些语法知识点的本质理解不透彻，不熟练，找不到知识点的勾稽关系，选择的时候肯定会觉得脑子里捣糨糊，不知道从何入手判断，找不准依据。
然后呢，老师讲题的时候，孩子就会觉得挺明白啊，下次再考，又浆糊了。写作时用起来，难免顾此失彼。
解决这个问题，不仅要熟悉单一的语法知识，而且要在写作中去尝试不同的表达。上面的3456句语法都是对的，但是句子含义稍有差别。这是在做选择题中无法体会出来的。
Part.06
动词后跟动名词和不定式的细微含义差别
- 不仅考试要考，阅读写作也要用！
有一些谓语动词后可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式。两者都可以跟，但句子意思会不同。
这是写作和考试的一个难点。很多人会觉得这样的词就是固定用法，要死记硬背。其实不然。这样的词挺多的，光背不行。要学会按照上下文理解句子含义，再慢慢总结和印证规律。
让我们用continue这个词深入探讨这个话题。
“continue doing” 和 “continue to do” 之间的区别。这两个结构从语法讲都是正确的，不讲究的时候，互换使用没有问题。
但它们在含义或强调上会有细微的差别。有些时候，比如读经典文艺的小说，作者选择用哪种表达方式也许就藏着深意呢。
先看例句：
She continued studying despite the noise.（尽管有噪音，她仍继续学习。）
She continued to study despite the noise.（尽管有噪音，她仍继续学习。）
They continued working on the project over the weekend.（他们在周末继续进行项目工作。）
They continued to work on the project over the weekend.（他们在周末继续进行项目工作。）
在这些例子中，两个形式都表达了动作持续的概念。
虽然通常可以互换，但在选择动名词（-ing 形式）和不定式（to + 动词原形）时，会对句子的含义或强调产生微妙的影响。而这个微妙的影响是否重要，那就要看上下文，看作者意图了。
Continue + 动名词强调正在进行的动作本身。表示动作已经在进行中，并且不间断地继续。
例子：He continued running despite the rain.（尽管下雨，他仍继续跑步。）
强调他在雨开始时已经在跑步，并且继续跑步。
Continue + 不定式强调整个动作或未来的动作。可以表示在暂停或变化后，有意识地决定继续某个动作。
例子：He continued to run every morning, even during the winter.（他继续每天早上跑步，即使在冬天。）强调他对跑步作为常规活动的持续承诺。
让我们再多看几个例子，在大量阅读中去体会语境上的细微差异，这样子读书琢磨，就能把书读出味道来。
They continued chatting until late at night.（他们一直聊到深夜。）（进行中的动作）
They continued to chat every evening.（他们每晚都继续聊天。）（习惯性动作）
After the interruption, she continued writing her essay.（中断后，她继续写她的文章。）（恢复同一动作）
She plans to continue to write essays on this topic.（她计划继续就这个主题写文章。）（未来的意图）
The musician continued playing despite the power outage.（尽管停电，音乐家仍继续演奏。强调演奏的动作正在持续并坚持下去。）
The musician continued to play at various venues across the country.（这位音乐家继续在全国各地的场馆演出。强调一系列的动作或持续的承诺。）
They continued discussing the issue after the meeting ended.（会议结束后，他们继续讨论这个问题。重复/延伸同一个正在进行的动作
They continued to discuss the issue in subsequent meetings.（他们在后续的会议中继续讨论这个问题。强调系列动作）
我还总结了一些常见的类似的动词。
1 Remember
Remember + 动名词（过去的动作）：表示记得已经做过的事情。
例子：I remember meeting him at the conference last year.（我记得去年在会议上见过他。）
Remember + 不定式（未来的动作）：表示记得要去做某事，即没有忘记去做。
例子：Remember to lock the door before you leave.（离开前记得锁门。）
2 Forget
Forget + 动名词（过去的动作）：表示忘记曾经做过某事。
例子：She forgot telling me the secret.（她忘了告诉过我那个秘密。）
Forget + 不定式（未来的动作）：表示忘记去做某事。
例子：Don't forget to bring your ID card.（不要忘记带你的身份证。）
3. Try
Try + 动名词（尝试性地做某事，看结果如何）：表示试着做某事，看看效果或结果。
例子：Try adding some salt to improve the flavor.（试着加点盐来提升味道。）
Try + 不定式（努力去做困难的事）：表示尽力去做某事，通常是困难的或有挑战性的。
例子：She is trying to learn Japanese.（她正在努力学习日语。）
4 Stop
Stop + 动名词（停止正在进行的动作）：表示停止正在做的事情。
例子：He stopped smoking last year.（他去年戒烟了。）
Stop + 不定式（停止当前的动作去做另一件事）：表示停下来去做另一件事。
例子：We stopped to have lunch during our trip.（我们旅行中停下来吃午饭。）
5 Regret
Regret + 动名词（对过去的事情表示后悔）：表示对已经发生的事情感到后悔。
例子：I regret not studying harder in school.（我后悔在学校没有更努力学习。）
Regret + 不定式（遗憾地要通知某事，常用于正式场合）：通常用于宣布坏消息。
例子：We regret to inform you that your application was unsuccessful.（我们遗憾地通知您，您的申请未获成功。）
6. Go on
Go on + 动名词（继续做同一件事）：表示继续做原来的事情。
例子：After a short break, they went on working.（短暂休息后，他们继续工作。）
Go on + 不定式（继续做另一件事）：表示在完成一件事后，接着做另一件事。
例子：He introduced himself and went on to explain the project.（他做了自我介绍，然后继续解释项目。）
7 Mean
Mean + 动名词（意味着）：表示某事物的含义或结果。
例子：Being a doctor means working long hours.（当医生意味着要长时间工作。）
Mean + 不定式（打算）：表示打算或意图去做某事。
例子：I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.（我并非有意伤害你的感情。）
8 Dread
Dread + 动名词（害怕某事发生）：表示害怕正在发生或将要发生的事情。
例子：She dreads going to the dentist.（她害怕去看牙医。）
Dread + 不定式（不常用，通常与"think"连用）：表示害怕去想某事。
例子：I dread to think what might happen next.（我不敢想接下来会发生什么。）
9 Need
Need + 动名词（被动意义）：表示某事需要被做。
例子：The house needs cleaning.（这房子需要清洁。）
Need + 不定式（主动意义）：表示某人需要去做某事。
例子：I need to clean the house.（我需要打扫房子。）
10 Like
Like + 动名词（一般喜好）：表示对某事物的一般喜爱。
例子：She likes reading novels.（她喜欢读小说。）
Like + 不定式（习惯性或特定情况下的喜好）：有时表示认为做某事是好的或正确的。
例子：I like to check my work before submitting it.（我喜欢在提交之前检查我的工作。）
11 Prefer
Prefer + 动名词（一般偏好）：表示对某事物的偏好。
例子：They prefer cycling to driving.（他们比起开车更喜欢骑自行车。）
Prefer + 不定式（特定场合的偏好）：表示在特定情况下更想做某事。
例子：I prefer to stay at home tonight.（我今晚更想待在家里。）
总结
动名词（Verb + -ing）：
通常表示动作已经发生，或正在进行。
常用于谈论过去的经历或一般性的事实。
不定式（to + Verb）：
通常表示动作尚未发生，或将要发生。
常用于表达目的、意图或未来的动作。
方法提示：要先读完所有的例子，再看总结，才能理解，这些知识千万不要当成固定搭配死记硬背啊，背就会糊涂。
Part.07
做点练习吧
根据句意，选择正确的形式（动名词或不定式）填空。
1. She stopped ________ (talk) when the teacher entered the room.
2. She stopped ________ (talk) to her friend on the way to school.
3. He tried ________ (open) the door, but it was stuck.
4. Try ________ (restart) the computer to fix the problem.
5. Do you remember ________ (send) the email yesterday?
6. Remember ________ (send) the email before you leave.
答案：
1. talking（她在老师进来时停止了讲话。）
2. to talk（她在上学路上停下来和她的朋友说话。）
3. to open（他试图打开门，但它卡住了。）
4. restarting（试着重启电脑来解决问题。）
5. sending（你记得昨天发过邮件吗？）
to send（记得在你离开前发送邮件。）
Part.8
语法是为了阅读和写作服务的
在阅读中可以深入语法的理解
读完这篇侦探故事，然后做做需要分析的语法题和阅读题哈。
Shadows of Deception
Detective Laura Thompson gazed out the rain-streaked window of her dimly lit office, pondering the cryptic message that had arrived earlier that morning. Solving puzzles was her specialty, but this one was different—it was personal. The note read: "The key to unlocking the truth lies where the sun meets the shadow."
Determined to uncover the meaning, she grabbed her coat and headed into the bustling city streets. Walking briskly, she replayed the clues in her mind, each step bringing her closer to the heart of the mystery.
Her first stop was the old clock tower, a place where time seemed to stand still. To search for hidden evidence, she climbed the winding staircase, each creaking step echoing in the silence. Reaching the top, she found nothing but the panoramic view of the city—a tapestry of lights and life.
"Am I missing something?" she whispered, frustrated by the lack of progress. Just then, a flash of light caught her eye. Turning swiftly, she noticed a reflection from a nearby rooftop.
Deciding to investigate further, she descended the tower and made her way across the maze of alleys. Arriving at the rooftop, she discovered a small box with another note: "You're getting warmer. Keep searching."
"Someone is toying with me," she thought, her patience wearing thin. But giving up was not an option; she was committed to finding the truth.
Continuing to pursue the elusive clues, Laura visited the abandoned warehouse by the docks. She could have stopped to rest, but she chose to continue pushing forward, driven by determination.
Entering cautiously, she felt the hairs on the back of her neck stand up. The atmosphere was thick with tension.
"Welcome, Detective," a voice echoed from the shadows. Startled, she reached for her weapon.
"Who's there?" she demanded, straining to see through the darkness.
An old adversary, Marcus Kane, stepped into the dim light. "I see you've been following my breadcrumbs," he sneered.
"Marcus, what game are you playing?" she asked, keeping her composure.
"One that I intend to win," he replied. "But you've always enjoyed chasing me, haven't you?"
"Enough of this," she snapped. "I'm here to bring you in."
He chuckled. "Always so serious. But before you do that, there's something you need to know."
He tossed a file at her feet. Hesitating, she picked it up and began reading. Her eyes widened as the pieces of a larger conspiracy began falling into place.
"I needed you to find this," he said. "It's the only way to expose those truly responsible."
"Why involve me?" she asked, skeptical of his motives.
"Because you're the only one capable of bringing them down," he admitted. "Consider this my way of making amends."
Before she could respond, sirens pierced the silence. Marcus gave a knowing smile. "Time's up. Choose wisely, Detective."
As the police stormed the building, Marcus vanished into the shadows. Chief Reynolds approached her. "Laura, are you alright? We received a tip that you'd be here."
She glanced at the file in her hands, then back at the chief. "I'm fine, but we need to stop doing things the old way. There's more to this case than we realized."
"What do you mean?" the chief asked, concerned.
"I can't explain now, but trust me," she replied. "We have to continue investigating at a deeper level."
Back at headquarters, Laura sat alone, studying the file. She knew that to solve this case, she would have to trust the word of a criminal. Wrestling with her conscience, she decided there was only one course of action.
She thought about stopping to reconsider, but time was running out. Instead, she chose to continue digging for the truth.
The next morning, she stood before the assembled task force. "We have a new target," she announced.
"It's time to take down the syndicate that's been evading us for years."
Her colleagues exchanged glances, surprised by the sudden shift. But seeing the determination in her eyes, they nodded in agreement.
Leading the charge, Laura felt a renewed sense of purpose. She was not just solving a case; she was uncovering a truth that would shake the city to its core.
As the operation unfolded, she couldn't help but think of Marcus. Questioning his true intentions, she wondered if they would cross paths again.
But for now, there was work to be done, and Laura Thompson was not one to back down. With each step forward, she embraced the challenge, knowing that justice was within reach.
Question 1: Identifying Verbals
a. Gerunds: Identify at least five gerunds used in the story and explain their function in the sentences (e.g., subject, direct object, object of a preposition).
b. Participles: Find three examples of present or past participles used in the story and describe their role (e.g., as adjectives, in verb phrases).
c. Infinitives: Locate four infinitive phrases in the story and state their purpose (e.g., to express purpose, as a noun, adjective, or adverb).
Question 2: Understanding "Continue Doing" vs. "Continue to Do"
a. In the story, the phrases "continue pushing forward" and "continue investigating" are used. Explain the subtle differences in meaning or emphasis between these phrases and how they contribute to the narrative.
b. Provide examples from the story where "continue to do" is used, and discuss how it affects the reader's perception of Detective Laura Thompson's actions.
Question 3: Analyzing "Stop Doing" vs. "Stop to Do"
a. The story includes the phrases "stopped to rest" and "need to stop doing things the old way." Explain the difference in meaning between "stop to do" and "stop doing" in these contexts.
b. How do these differences impact the development of the plot and the characterization of Laura?
动词不定式：理解英语动词不定式to do 要从句子的谓语开始
