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感知建成环境对步行幸福感的影响——以哈尔滨市三类街区为例
How the Perceived Built Environment Affects Pedestrian Well-Being: Evidence from Three Types of Neighborhoods in Harbin, China
步行出行幸福感表征居民步行过程中的情绪体验，研究其影响因素，通过规划措施干预，将能够鼓励步行出行，不仅有助于提升居民身心健康，也会促进居民更多绿色出行。研究基于中国哈尔滨市问卷调查数据，运用梯度提升决策树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree, GBDT)算法，分析建成环境感知特征对步行幸福感的影响，解释不同类型街区（新、旧和混合三类）中的影响差异及原因。结果表明：生活服务设施多样性对步行幸福感的相对影响最大，其次为沿街商业数量，再次为生活服务设施可达性和绿地可达性。在不同类型的街区中，建成环境对步行幸福感的影响具有差异，对新、旧和混合街区的步行幸福感最大的要素分别是公共交通站点可达性、广场绿地可达性和可感知的绿化面积。依据建成环境特征提出差异化地干预策略，以提升步行幸福感，促进步行出行。
Pedestrian well-being reflects emotional experience during walking. Analyzing which built environment factors influence pedestrian well-being not only helps to improve residents’ physical and mental health but also encourages more walking. Based on the data obtained via a questionnaire survey in Harbin, China, a gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) model is developed to analyze how the perception of the built environment influences pedestrian well-being and to explain the differences across types of neighborhoods (old, new, and mixed). The results show that pedestrian well-being is most influenced by the diversity of daily service facilities, followed by the number of commercial facilities along a street, the accessibility of daily service facilities, and green spaces. Moreover, pedestrian well-being is also influenced by the type of neighborhoods. In new neighborhoods, it is dominated by the accessibility of public transport stations, while in old and mixed neighborhoods, pedestrian well-being is primarily determined by the accessibility of green spaces and the number of green spaces, respectively. Depending on the characteristics of the built environment, different intervention measures are proposed to improve pedestrian well-being and promote walking.
步行幸福感；建成环境感知；梯度提升决策树；居住街区；主观幸福感
Figure 1 Definition of pedestrian well-being
图1 步行幸福感的定义
Figure 2 Old neighborhoods
图2 旧街区
Figure 3 New neighborhoods
图3 新街区
Figure 4 Mixed neighborhoods
图4 混合街区
Figure 5 Geographical location of sample neighborhoods
图5 样本街区的地理位置
Dong Wei, PhD, Professor, School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology; Key Laboratory of National Territory Spatial Planning and Ecological Restoration in Cold Regions, Ministry of Natural Resources, Harbin, P. R. China.
董慰，博士，哈尔滨工业大学建筑与设计学院教授，自然资源部寒地国土空间规划与生态保护修复重点实验室。
Liu Yan, PhD, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Jilin Jianzhu University; Architectural and Urban-Rural Design Energy Conservation Research Center, Sub-Laboratory of Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Building Comprehensive Energy Conservation in Cold Region; Research Center for Urban and Rural Innovation and Development Strategy of Ecological Wisdom Town at Jilin Province, Changchun; School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology; Key Laboratory of National Territory Spatial Planning and Ecological Restoration in Cold Regions, Ministry of Natural Resources, Harbin, P. R. China.
刘岩，博士，吉林建筑大学建筑与规划学院讲师，寒地建筑综合节能教育部重点实验室城乡与建筑节能设计研究室，吉林省生态智慧城镇创新发展战略研究中心；哈尔滨工业大学建筑与设计学院，自然资源部寒地国土空间规划与生态保护修复重点实验室。
Dong Yu (corresponding author), PhD, Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology; Key Laboratory of National Territory Spatial Planning and Ecological Restoration in Cold Regions, Ministry of Natural Resources, Harbin, P. R. China.
董禹（通讯作者），博士，哈尔滨工业大学建筑与设计学院副教授，自然资源部寒地国土空间规划与生态保护修复重点实验室。
Wu Wen, PhD, Associate Professor, Northeastern University Jangho Architecture, Key Laboratory of Urban and Building Digital Technology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P. R. China.
吴文，博士，东北大学江河建筑学院副教授，辽宁省城市与建筑数字化技术重点实验室。
Chen Ying, Master, the Architectural Design and Research Institute of HIT Co., Ltd., Harbin, P. R. China.
陈莹，硕士，哈尔滨工业大学建筑设计研究院。
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