Open Access ‖ 基于拓展计划行为理论的社区居民遗产保护意愿及其影响因素研究 (2024年第3期)

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张天洁, 唐山 ‖ Zhang Tianjie, Tang Shan 

随着国家治理体系与治理能力现代化改革的稳步推进，遗产保护与管理工作从“物质性”转向“以人为本”。历史文化街区除了汇集地方文化遗产要素，也是承载着日常生活功能的城市社区，社区居民既享有合理利用遗产的权利，也需要承担遗产保护的责任。遗产保护是个体通过内心自我约束而表现出的对遗产负责任的行动过程，遗产保护意愿是映射遗产保护意向性行为的主体性表征。对社区居民遗产保护意愿及其影响因素开展研究，有利于形成历史文化街区保护的持续性内生动力。

计划行为理论是由Ajzen等提出的社会心理学行为预测理论。该理论认为个体依靠理性对特定事物进行的态度判断、依据社会标准进行的主观权衡以及行为执行的能力与条件，共同作用形成了行为意愿。即行为态度、主观规范、感知行为控制3个因素，决定了个体行为意愿。因素一行为态度是个体对某一特定事物或观念形成的认知与情感。其中，认知主要包括系统性认知、效用性认知与行为关联认知，情感主要包括功能性“地方依赖”与象征性“地方认同”。因素二主观规范是个体在决策是否执行特定行为时感知到的群体及社会压力，可以划分为命令性规范与描述性规范两种类型。因素三感知行为控制是个体感知到执行特定行为的困难程度，主要包括感知强度和控制信念两方面。计划行为理论需要结合具体情境引入特定因素进行补充与完善，这些特定因素直接影响或者通过行为态度、主观规范、感知行为控制间接影响个体行为意愿。据环境心理学领域的已有研究，影响个体保护行为意愿的客观情境要素通常包括环境质量与政策引导两类。其中，环境质量可分为自然环境与社会环境质量，分别对应个体对于客观环境独特性与存在现状以及人文特质与生活环境现状的感知评价。政策引导是政府及规划管理部门认可并颁布实施的制度性规范手段，主要包括命令控制型、经济激励型和宣传引导型保护政策。具体而言，命令控制型政策是要求个体执行保护行为的强制性规定和行政命令；经济激励型政策是基于市场手段激励个体实施保护行为的举措；宣传引导型引导政策是通过宣传教育、合作交流等方式改变个体保护行为的举措。

天津的历史文化街区拥有丰富的遗产资源与文化底蕴，政府及管理部门积极开展保护工作，通过大量的财政投入产生了广受认可的社会空间效应。随着城市治理路径的渐进式转型，需要进一步提升社区居民遗产保护意愿，充分发挥社区居民主体作用。本文选取天津市7片历史文化街区为案例，剖析社区居民的遗产保护意愿及其影响因素。研究表明：首先，遗产保护意愿受到遗产保护态度、主观规范、感知行为控制三个主观感知要素的正向影响。遗产保护态度包括认知态度与情感态度，即社区居民对遗产信息、价值及保护途径的认知及对历史街区的满意度及认同感会影响居民是否开展遗产保护的主观判断。主观规范由命令性规范与描述性规范构成，即当社区居民感受到周边亲友的鼓励及社会认可时，会更加积极地开展遗产保护行动。感知行为控制受到感知强度和控制信念的影响，即社区居民对参与遗产保护的有效性及胜任力的认知会影响其对行为实施难易度的考量，进而影响其行为决策。其次，遗产保护意愿受到历史街区环境质量、遗产保护政策引导两个客观情境要素的影响，客观情境要素直接影响或通过主观感知要素间接正向影响遗产保护意愿。历史街区环境质量包括遗产环境质量与人居环境质量。社区居民对遗产环境原真性、完整性与活态性的认知以及对住房环境及设施环境的评判分别决定了其对历史文化街区遗产环境质量及人居环境质量的衡量，进而对其遗产保护意愿产生影响。遗产保护政策引导由命令控制型、经济激励型和宣传引导型保护政策构成。当社区居民意识到遗产保护法律法规与参与程序、奖励制度以及活动组织与文化平台建设越完善时，越愿意积极参与遗产保护。

Community residents not only enjoy the right to rationally use heritage but also bear the responsibility of heritage preservation. Heritage preservation is a responsible action process guiding the individual through inner self-restraint, and heritage preservation intention is a subjective representation of this intentional behaviour. Examining community residents’ intentions to preserve heritage and its influencing factors is conducive to the formation of the sustainable internal power of the conservation of historic districts.

The theory of planned behaviour is a mature behaviour prediction theory in the field of social psychology. According to this theory, individual behavioural intention is formed by a combination of a rational attitude judgement regarding specific things, a subjective balance based on social standards, and the condition and capacity of behaviour execution. In other words, behavioural attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are the three factors that determine individual behavioural intention. The first factor, behavioural attitude, represents individuals’ cognition of and emotion towards a certain thing or idea. Cognition mainly includes systematic cognition, utility cognition and behavioural correlation cognition, while emotion mainly includes functional "place dependence" and symbolic "place identity". The second factor, subjective norms, refers to the group and social pressures perceived by individuals when making decisions about whether to implement specific behaviours, and they can be divided into two types, namely, imperative norms and descriptive norms. The third factor, perceived behavioural control, is the degree of difficulty an individual perceives in performing a specific behaviour, which mainly includes the two aspects of control belief and perceived strength. The theory of planned behaviour needs to be supplemented and improved by introducing specific factors in combination with specific situations. These specific factors directly or indirectly affect individual behavioural intention through behavioural attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. According to previous research in the field of environmental psychology, the objective situational factors that affect individuals' behavioural intention to preserve usually include environmental quality and policy guidance. Environmental quality can be divided into natural environmental quality and social environmental quality, which correspond to an individual's perception and evaluation of the uniqueness and existence of objective environment and of human characteristics and living environment status, respectively. Policy guidance is an institutional normative method that is recognized and promulgated by the government and management departments, and it mainly includes command-and-control, economy-incentive and publicity-and-guiding policies. Specifically, command-and-control policies are mandatory regulations and administrative orders that require individuals to carry out preservation behaviour, economic-incentive policies are measures based on market means that encourage individuals to carry out preservation behaviours, and publicity-and-guiding policies are measures meant to change individual preservation behaviours through publicity, education, cooperation and communication.

The historic districts of Tianjin have rich heritage resources and cultural reservoirs. The government and administrative departments actively carry out heritage preservation work, and a large level of financial investment has produced a good social spatial effect. With the gradual transformation of the path taken by urban governance, it is necessary to enhance the heritage preservation intentions of community residents and enable them to play their roles. To uncover residents' intentions to participate in heritage preservation, this study introduces extended theory of planned behaviour, explores individual behaviours and intentions, and further explains the influencing factors. Seven historic districts in Tianjin were selected as cases. The research shows that first, heritage preservation intention is positively affected by three subjective perceptual factors: heritage preservation attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Heritage preservation attitude includes cognitive attitude and emotional attitude, that is, community residents' cognition of heritage information, value and preservation approach, as well as their sense of satisfaction and identity of the historic district affect their subjective judgment on whether to carry out heritage preservation. Subjective norms are composed of imperative norms and descriptive norms, that is, when community residents feel encouraged by their relatives and friends and recognized by the society, they would be more active in carrying out heritage preservation actions. Perceived behavioural control is determined by control belief and perceived strength, that is, community residents' cognition of the effectiveness and competence of participating in heritage preservation affect their consideration of the difficulty of implementing behaviours, and ultimately affect their behavioural decisions. Second, heritage preservation intention is influenced by two objective situational factors: environmental quality of historic district and policy guidance for heritage preservation. Objective situational factors directly or indirectly positively affect heritage preservation intention through subjective perceptual factors. Environmental quality of historic district includes heritage environmental quality and living environmental quality. Community residents' cognition of the authenticity, integrity and vitality of the heritage environment, as well as their evaluation of the housing environment and facility environment, respectively determine their measurement of the heritage environmental quality and living environmental quality of historic district, and further influence their intention to preserve heritage. Policy guidance for heritage preservation consists of command-and-control policy, economic-incentive policy and publicity-and-guiding policy. Community residents are more willing to take an active part in heritage preservation when they realize that the laws and regulations, interest coordination mechanism, publicity and guidance system of heritage preservation are more complete.

theory of planned behaviour; community residents; heritage preservation intention; historic districts in Tianjin

Figure 1 Hypothesized variables and model building

图1变量假设与模型构建

Figure 2 Current situation of the study area

图2 研究区现状

Figure 3 Spatial distribution of questionnaire sample points in the research area

图3 研究区调查问卷采样点空间分布