什么是抑郁症？
抑郁症是一种常见且严重的心境障碍,可影响人的感觉、思维和日常生活如睡眠、饮食或工作等而导致的严重症状。
抑郁症的诊断，症状发作必须持续至少2周。
抑郁症有不同的类型，其中有些是由于特定的环境引起的。
抑郁症包括情绪低落或兴趣丧失症状，大多数情况下至少持续2周，影响日常生活。
持续性抑郁障碍（也称为恶劣心境或恶劣心境障碍）包括持续时间更长的抑郁症状，通常至少持续2年。
围产期抑郁症是指发生在怀孕期间或产后的抑郁症。妊娠期抑郁症是产前抑郁症，婴儿出生后抑郁症为产后抑郁症。
季节性情感障碍是与季节有关的抑郁症，症状通常在深秋和初冬开始，在春季和夏季消失。
伴有精神病性症状的抑郁症是一种严重的抑郁症，该抑郁症患者会出现精神病性症状，如妄想（对不真实事物不可动摇的信念）或幻觉（听到或看到别人听不到或看不到的东西）。
双相障碍患者（以前称为躁狂抑郁症或躁郁症）也会伴有抑郁发作，在此期间，他们感到悲伤、冷漠或绝望，同时活动水平非常低。但双相障碍患者也会有躁狂发作，或情绪异常高涨，他们可能会感到非常快乐、易怒或“兴奋”，活动水平显著增加。
What is depression?
Depression (also known as major depression, major depressive disorder, or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working.
To be diagnosed with depression, the symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks.
There are different types of depression, some of which develop due to specific circumstances.
• Major depression includes symptoms of depressed mood or loss of interest, most of the time for at least 2 weeks, that interfere with daily activities.
• Persistent depressive disorder (also called dysthymia or dysthymic disorder) consists of less severe symptoms of depression that last much longer, usually for at least 2 years.
• Perinatal depression is depression that occurs during or after pregnancy. Depression that begins during pregnancy is prenatal depression and depression that begins after the baby is born is postpartum depression.
• Seasonal affective disorder is depression that comes and goes with the seasons, with symptoms typically starting in the late fall and early winter and going away during the spring and summer.
• Depression with symptoms of psychosis is a severe form of depression in which a person experiences psychosis symptoms, such as delusions (disturbing, false fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things others do not hear or see).
People with bipolar disorder (formerly called manic depression or manic-depressive illness) also experience depressive episodes, during which they feel sad, indifferent, or hopeless, combined with a very low activity level. But a person with bipolar disorder also experiences manic (or less severe hypomanic) episodes, or unusually elevated moods, in which they might feel very happy, irritable, or “up,” with a marked increase in activity level.
抑郁症的症状有哪些？
如果在一天中的大部分时间，几乎每天至少两周内都有以下症状，你可能患有抑郁症：
持续的悲伤、焦虑或“空虚”；
感到绝望或悲观；
烦躁、沮丧或不安；
感到内疚、无价值感或无助；
对爱好和活动失去兴趣或乐趣；
精力下降、疲劳或感觉迟钝；
注意力不能集中、记忆下降或难于做出决定；
入睡困难、早醒或睡过头；
食欲或体重有改变；
不明原因的身体疼痛、头痛、或消化不良问题，而且治疗后无好转；
有自杀或自杀企图的想法；
抑郁症患者并不是每个人都会出现这些症状。有些人出现的症状多而有些人的症状可能少，与抑郁症相关的这些症状可影响日常生活，并给患者带来严重痛苦。
抑郁症还可能涉及情绪或行为的其他变化，包括：易怒，感到不安或紧张，变得孤僻或消极；
易冲动，饮酒增加，无法履行工作和家庭责任以及性功能障碍问题；
抑郁症在男性和女性身上可能会有所不同。在某些情况下，心理健康症状会表现为身体问题，例如心率加快、胸闷、头痛或消化系统问题。
抑郁症患者应及时就医治疗。
What are the signs and symptoms of depression?
If you have been experiencing some of the following signs and symptoms, most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks, you may be experiencing depression:
Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood
Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
Feelings of irritability, frustration, or restlessness
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
Decreased energy, fatigue, or feeling slowed down
Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
Difficulty sleeping, waking early in the morning, or oversleeping
Changes in appetite or unplanned weight changes
Physical aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not have a clear physical cause and do not go away with treatment
Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attempts
Not everyone who is depressed experiences every one of these symptoms. Some people experience only a few symptoms, while others experience many symptoms. Symptoms associated with depression interfere with day-to-day functioning and cause significant distress for the person experiencing them.
Depression can also involve other changes in mood or behavior that include:
Increased anger or irritability
Feeling restless or on edge
Becoming withdrawn, negative, or detached
Increased engagement in high-risk activities
Greater impulsivity
Increased use of alcohol or drugs
Isolating from family and friends
Inability to meet the responsibilities of work and family or ignoring other important roles
Problems with sexual desire and performance
Depression can look different in men and women. Although men, women, and people of all genders can feel depressed, how they express those symptoms and the behaviors they use to cope with them may differ. For example, some men (as well as women) may show symptoms other than sadness, instead seeming angry or irritable. And although increased use of alcohol or drugs can be a coping strategy for any person with depression, men may be more likely to use alcohol or drugs to help them cope.
In some cases, mental health symptoms appear as physical problems. For example, a racing heart, tightened chest, ongoing headaches, or digestive issues. Men are often more likely to see a health care provider about these physical symptoms than their emotional ones.
Because depression tends to make people think more negatively about themselves and the world, some people may also have thoughts of suicide or self-harm.
Several persistent symptoms, in addition to low mood, are required for a diagnosis of depression, but people with only a few symptoms may also benefit from treatment. The severity and frequency of symptoms and how long they last will vary depending on the person, the illness, and the stage of the illness.
If you experience signs or symptoms of depression and they persist or do not go away, talk to a health care provider. If you see signs or symptoms of depression in someone you know, encourage them to seek help from a mental health professional.
