Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。“论文快递”栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百七十三期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First中最新发表的一篇论文，和近期正式出版期刊中的四篇论文。主题包括空间相关的劳动力市场，热治理的时间和空间政治，城市热岛的政治生态，日常遮荫权，以及空调对城市历史的影响。欢迎阅读。
Are urban labour markets more dynamic? Vacancies and urban scaling
城市劳动力市场是否更具活力？职位空缺和城市规模
Harm-Jan Rouwendal（荷兰格罗宁根大学）Jan Rouwendal（荷兰阿姆斯特丹自由大学）This paper shows that there is superlinear scaling of vacancies with employment size. That is, there are disproportionally more vacancies relative to employment in urban areas, not just for overall employment, but also for occupational and educational classes. Hence vacancies are more strongly concentrated than the jobs to which they refer. Moreover, we find that, compared to all employment, the concentration of labour demand increases with required skill levels. We show that the stronger growth of jobs in cities is unable to explain this finding and propose an alternative explanation based on vacancy chains in spatially related labour markets. The results suggest that on-the-job searchers have better possibilities in cities to improve their position. This helps explain the higher mobility of especially younger workers in cities and the superior quality of job-worker matches in large labour markets.
本文表明，职位空缺与就业人数之间呈现超线性标度关系。也就是说，相对就业人数而言，城市地区的职位空缺更多且不成比例，不仅总体就业情况如此，不同职业和教育阶层的情况也如此。因此，职位空缺比其对应的职位更集中。此外，我们发现，就总的就业情况来看，劳动力需求的集中度随着所需技能水平的提高而增加。我们表明，城市职位增长更强劲无法解释这一发现，并提出了基于空间相关的劳动力市场的空缺链的另一种解释。结果表明，在职求职者在城市更可能提升自己的职位。这有助于解释城市工人尤其是年轻的城市工人的流动性更高，以及大型劳动力市场中人岗匹配的质量更高。
agglomeration, employment, jobs, matching, scaling, vacancies
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241280887Scale and modularity in thermal governance: The replication of India’s heat action plans
热治理的尺度与模块化：以印度炎热气候行动计划的复制与推广为例
Aalok Khandekar（印度理工学院海得拉巴校区）Anant Maringanti（印度海得拉巴城市实验室）Since 2013, when the first urban Heat Action Plan in India was developed in and for the western city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, there are now more than 30 such plans focused on different cities, regions, and entire states in the country, many following the original template developed in Ahmedabad. This article investigates the temporal and spatial politics of such heat action planning, asking: what is the nature of thermal governance that Heat Action Plans posit? Based on our analysis, we suggest that two key attributes characterise Indian Heat Action Plans: first, they frame heat waves as disasters; second, as the Ahmedabad template has travelled to other locations, Heat Action Plans have ceased to engage with their local contexts in any meaningful way. We further argue that such a conceptualisation of Heat Action Plans has produced important obfuscations, shaping official knowledge about and responses to extreme heat in ways that are unable to grapple with the messy, uneven, and contested nature of the socio-political terrains in which they are supposed to intervene.2013 年，印度西部城市古吉拉特邦艾哈迈达巴德制定了印度首个城市炎热气候行动计划，自此之后，印度不同城市、地区和整个邦已制定了 30 多个此类计划，其中许多计划都沿用了艾哈迈达巴德制定的原始模板。本文研究了这种炎热气候行动规划的时间和空间政治，并提出以下问题：炎热气候行动计划所提出的热治理的性质是什么？根据我们的分析，我们认为印度的炎热气候行动计划有两个关键特征：首先，它们将热浪视为灾难；其次，随着艾哈迈达巴德模板被推广到其他地方，行动计划已不再以任何有意义的方式与当地情况相结合。此外，我们还认为，”炎热气候行动计划 “的这种概念化产生了重要的弊端，它塑造了官方对极端高温的认识和应对方式，但却无法应对其本应干预的社会政治领域的混乱、不平衡和有争议的性质。
climate change, disaster, heat action plans, India, thermal governance, southern city
气候变化、灾害、炎热气候行动计划、印度、热治理、南部城市
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231195193Unequal and unjust: The political ecology of Bangkok’s increasing urban heat island
不平等和不公正：曼谷日益增长的城市热岛的政治生态
The intensity of Bangkok’s urban heat island during the dry season can be as high as 6–7° and in the densest areas the urban heat island’s intensity is approximately 4°C. The urban heat island thus is causing a city already oppressively hot to become even hotter. The urban heat island also contributes to health problems, such as heat stroke and fatigue, particularly to those with lower incomes. We historically examine the numerous causes of Bangkok’s urban heat island, such as the lack of green space, high levels of air conditioning, and high rates of vehicle exhaust fumes. For example, Bangkok has only three square metres of green space per person which is one of the lowest in all of Asia. Local governmental weaknesses, administrative fragmentation, prioritisation of economic growth and limited buy-in from the private sector have intensified Bangkok’s urban heat island, and imposed numerous barriers to actions that would reduce heat, such as establishing green space, restructuring urban transport or creating and following an effective urban plan. Ideas mooted to remedy these problems have yet to come to fruition, largely because of bureaucratic inertia, fragmentation and divisions within the relevant lead organisations. The political ecology lens also reveals how political–economic processes largely determine the vulnerability of urban inhabitants to heat, but also that thermal governance is highly unequal and unjust. Those who contribute to and profit the most from Bangkok’s urban heat island, such as real estate developers, shopping mall owners, and automobile corporations, suffer the least from its effects, whereas low-income communities hardly contribute to this problem, yet are the most vulnerable.曼谷旱季城市热岛升温可高达6℃~7℃，在最密集的地区，城市热岛强度约为升温4℃。城市热岛效应使本已酷热难耐的城市变得更加炎热。城市热岛效应还会导致中暑和疲劳等健康问题，尤其是对低收入人群而言。我们从历史角度研究了曼谷城市热岛的众多原因，例如缺乏绿地、空调的大量使用和机动车尾气高排放率。例如，曼谷人均绿地面积只有 3 平方米，是亚洲最低的城市之一。地方政府诸多弊端、行政分散、经济发展优先、私营部门的有限参与，这些因素加剧了曼谷的城市热岛效应，也设置了许多障碍，导致没有办法通过建设绿地、重组城市交通或创建并遵循有效的城市规划来降低温度。旨在解决这些问题的想法尚未取得成果，这主要是由相关领导组织内部的官僚惰性、复杂性、分散性和组织分裂造成的。我们还从政治生态学视角揭示了政治经济进程如何在很大程度上决定了城市居民易受高温影响的特性，还揭示了热治理的高度不平等和不公正。那些加剧了曼谷城市热岛，并从中获益最多的人，如房地产开发商、购物中心所有者和汽车公司，受其影响最小，而低收入社区几乎没有加剧城市热岛的行为，但却是最易受到伤害的。
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, environmental justice, political ecology, urban governance, urban greenspaces曼谷都市管理局, 环境正义, 政治生态学, 城市治理, 城市绿地
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221140999Hot climates in urban South Asia: Negotiating the right to and the politics of shade at the everyday scale in Karachi
南亚城市的炎热气候：卡拉奇日常遮荫权及其政治的谈判
Soha Macktoom（巴基斯坦卡拉奇工商管理学院）
Nausheen H Anwar（巴基斯坦卡拉奇工商管理学院；英国苏塞克斯大学）
Jamie Cross（英国爱丁堡大学）
首次出版时间：2023/09/13｜研究论文
Abstract
Although the climate has admittedly always been hot and humid in cities like Karachi, increasingly hotter temperatures are exacerbating the impact of heat on informal, precariously employed outdoor workers such as street vendors, guards and rickshaw drivers, who must negotiate their right and access to shade at the everyday scale. Recalling Mike Davis’ radical, political claim that shade is an inalienable human right, this paper proposes that few people working in the outdoor spaces of the South Asian city today understand or experience shade in these terms. Rather shade is something that must be claimed, alongside other rights and entitlements. Moreover, shade alone is insufficient as it cannot reduce the exposure of bodies to harmful ambient radiations and overall thermal discomfort. This paper makes three broad propositions for outlining a theory for the social study of shade in the South Asian city. By paying closer attention to the ways that outdoor workers negotiate shade in Karachi, this paper opens up for analysis a wider spectrum of claims-making activity in changing South Asian urban climates. It places workers’ search for shade in the broader context of shade policing and urban management aimed at creating spatial as well as social order. Finally, this article emphasises key directions and questions for future research.
诚然，卡拉奇等城市的气候向来炎热潮湿，但日益升高的气温加剧了高温对街头小贩、保安和人力车司机等非正规、不稳定的户外工作者的影响，他们必须日常就获得遮荫的权利和机会进行谈判。本文回顾了迈克·戴维斯（Mike Davis）激进的政治主张，即遮荫权是一项不可剥夺的人权，并提出如今在南亚城市户外空间工作的人很少能从这些角度理解或体验遮荫。然而，遮荫与其他权利和应享待遇一样，是必须争取的。此外，仅靠遮荫是不够的，因为它不能减少人体所接触的有害环境辐射和由热造成的整体不适感。本文提出了三个广泛的主张，为南亚城市的遮荫问题勾勒出一个社会研究理论框架。通过更密切地关注卡拉奇户外工作者协商遮荫的方式，本文为分析在日益变化的南亚城市气候条件下更广泛的权利申索活动开辟了道路。本文将工人寻求遮荫的行为置于旨在建立空间秩序和社会秩序的遮荫治安和城市管理的大背景下。最后，本文强调了今后研究的主要方向和问题。
cities, extreme heat, outdoor workers, shade politics, South Asia城市、酷暑、户外工作者、遮荫政治、南亚
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231195204The birth of cool: Heat and air-conditioning in the history of Wuhan, 1950–2020
凉爽的诞生：武汉历史上的供热与空调（1950-2020）
This article examines the impact of air-conditioning on the history of Wuhan, a Chinese city famed for the oppressive heat of its summers. It draws upon oral history testimony, ethnographic research, and written sources, to argue that air-conditioning has played an important yet underappreciated role in changing local culture, social interactions, and the urban environment. It begins by describing how citizens of Wuhan coped with heat in the Maoist era (1949–1976), examining official heatstroke prevention techniques alongside the everyday practices of local citizens, including the use of bamboo beds and air-raid shelters. It then examines the dialectical relationship between socio-economic and technological change that occurred following the introduction of air-conditioning. This new technology, which required people to close their doors on their neighbours, arrived at the same time that older forms of communal living were becoming untenable. Finally, this article examines the role that air-conditioning has played in creating and alleviating the urban heat island problem, a process of localised climate change that makes cities hotter than their hinterlands. It concludes by exploring how locals feel about urban heating, a problem that seems intractable in Wuhan, as it is throughout much of urban Asia.摘要
本论文探讨了空调对武汉历史的影响，武汉是一座中国城市，以酷热的夏天而闻名。我们利用口述历史证词、人类学研究和书面资料，论证空调在改变当地文化、社会互动和城市环境方面发挥了重要但未被充分认识的作用。本文首先描述了武汉市民在毛泽东时代（1949-1976 年）如何应对高温，研究了官方防暑降温技术以及当地市民的日常做法，包括使用竹床和防空洞。然后，本文考察了在使用空调后发生的社会经济变化和技术变革之间的辩证关系。空调的使用需要人们关上门，这也把邻居关在了门外，所以这种新技术出现的同时，旧的集体生活形式变得难以为继。最后，本文探讨了在造成和缓解城市热岛问题过程中，空调所发挥的作用。城市热岛问题是一个局部气候变化过程，它使城市比其腹地更热。我们还探讨了当地人对城市供暖的看法，跟亚洲大部分城市一样，这个问题在武汉似乎也很棘手。
air-conditioning, environment, technology, urban heat island, Wuhan 空调, 环境, 技术, 城市热岛, 武汉
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231153512微信号｜USJ_online
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