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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百六十四期，将介绍Urban Studies近期正式出版期刊中的五篇论文。主题包括地方政府金融化，住房租赁市场中的种族和性别歧视，美国千禧一代的居住流动性，城市福利受益者的外迁，以及声景作为一种城市研究视角。欢迎阅读。
What is local government financialisation? Four empirical channels to clarify the roles of local government
什么是地方政府金融化？厘清地方政府角色的四种实证渠道
Hannah Hasenberger（英国赫特福德大学）Recent literature at the nexus of geography and political economy notes that local governments are becoming financialised. But it is not always clear what this means. Specifically, what is being financialised? And what is the role of local governments in this process? Building on Whiteside’s definition of local state-led financialisation as enabled and internal, this article combines a systematic literature review with the comparative analysis of country-level statistics to clarify this process further. It identifies four channels through which local government financialisation unfolds empirically. First, local governments enable the financialisation of public assets and services through privatisation and outsourcing and by applying financial principles to land use planning. Second, they borrow against their own assets. Third, local governments use bonds and derivatives to manage the risks and costs of their borrowing. Fourth, they invest to generate financial income. Focusing on high-income countries in Western Europe, the article extends the geographical remit of the US- and UK-centric literature. Building on its findings, the article highlights two avenues for further research. First, internationally comparative research can explore how the structural context in which local governments operate shapes their financialisation. Second, critical research into the tension between the objectives and risks of local government financialisation adds nuance to current debates.
新近的关于地理和政治经济关系的文献指出，地方政府正日趋金融化。但我们并不是完全清楚这到底意味着什么。具体来说，什么正在被金融化？地方政府在这个过程中起什么作用呢？怀特塞德将地方政府主导的金融化定义为赋能的内部过程，基于该定义，本文将系统性文献综述与国家级统计数据的比较分析相结合，以进一步阐明这一过程。本文确认了地方政府在实践中开展金融化的四种渠道。首先，地方政府通过私有化和外包以及将金融原则应用于土地利用规划来实现公共资产和服务的金融化。其次，地方政府以自己的资产为抵押借款。第三，地方政府利用债券和衍生品来管理借贷风险和成本。第四，地方政府通过投资产生财务收益。本文重点关注西欧高收入国家，扩展了以美国和英国为中心的文献的地理范围。基于我们的发现，本文强调了进一步研究的两个途径。首先，国际比较研究可以探讨地方政府运作的结构背景如何影响其金融化。其次，对地方政府金融化的目标和风险之间的紧张关系进行批判性研究，为当前的讨论添加更多不同的细节。
debt-based investment, debt management, financial investment, local government financialisation, privatisation
负债性投资、债务管理、金融投资、地方政府金融化、私有化https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231222133Is hiding my first name enough? Using behavioural interventions to mitigate racial and gender discrimination in the rental housing market
隐藏我的名字就够了吗？利用行为干预减轻住房租赁市场中的种族和性别歧视
This study investigates whether behavioural interventions can reduce racial and gender discrimination in the rental housing market. In our correspondence tests, we incorporated two specific behavioural interventions: providing employment details to assist letting agents in overcoming statistical discrimination and incorporating anti-discrimination messages to encourage adherence to the ‘Equality, Diversity and Inclusion’ social norm. Although these strategies notably influenced the likelihood of prospective renters receiving responses to their housing inquiries, the outcomes were not consistent across genders or ethnic groups and were not always positive. Racial and gender discrimination in housing markets is a complex issue. There are no ‘one-size-fits-all’ solutions when using behavioural tools to address complex social problems such as racial and gender discrimination. Behavioural interventions demand rigorous field testing prior to widespread adoption.本文考察行为干预措施是否可以减少住房租赁市场中的种族和性别歧视。我们将两项具体的行为干预措施纳入通信测试：提供就业详细信息以帮助经纪人克服统计歧视，并纳入反歧视信息以鼓励遵守“平等、多元、包容”的社会规范。尽管这些策略显著影响了潜在租房者收到住房询问答复的可能性，但不同性别、不同种族群体所得到的结果并不一致，而且结果并不总是正面的。住房市场中的种族和性别歧视是很复杂的问题。使用行为工具解决种族和性别歧视这类复杂的社会问题时，不存在万能的解决方案。行为干预措施在广泛采用之前需要进行严格的现场测试。
behavioural policy interventions, implicit bias, housing decisions, labour mobility, nudge
行为政策干预、隐性偏见、住房决策、劳动力流动、助推https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241231712Back to the suburbs? Millennial residential locations from the Great Recession to the pandemic
回到郊区？从大衰退到大流行时期的千禧一代居住地点
Whitney Airgood-Obrycki（美国哈佛大学）In the past decade, there has been a great deal of attention paid to and speculation about the residential mobility and location decisions of millennials. Academics and practitioners alike have been trying to determine where millennials are moving and why, including whether they are leading a ‘back to the city’ movement or whether they are moving to the suburbs as previous generations did at their age. Using US Census data, this article examines the geographical population distribution of young adults in the USA in recent decades. Categorising neighbourhoods by their urban or suburban character and by their central or peripheral location, we find that millennials lived in urban areas on the heels of the Great Recession at higher rates than previous generations. However, over the decade, the millennial population gradually shifted towards suburban areas: central urban and peripheral urban neighbourhoods largely lost millennial residents from 2011 to 2021, while peripheral suburban neighbourhoods experienced substantial gains. When it comes to neighbourhood amenities (e.g. restaurants and parks), millennials largely left amenity-rich areas for neighbourhoods with fewer amenities, though these amenities grew faster in the neighbourhoods that gained millennials the most. Millennial suburbanisation seems to be associated with housing affordability and demand for larger homes, as the population shift was more pronounced in the metros that have lower housing affordability and a lower share of larger homes in their central urban neighbourhoods. The results indicate the importance of affordable and right-sized housing, complemented with neighbourhood amenities, in attracting and retaining this population group.在过去的十年中，千禧一代的居住流动性和选址决策受到了广泛的关注和猜测。学术界和相关从业者一直在试图确定千禧一代流动的动向以及原因，包括他们是否正在引领“重返城市”运动，或者他们是否像前几代人在同龄时那样迁移到郊区。本文利用美国人口普查数据，研究了近几十年来美国年轻人的地理分布。我们根据城市或郊区特征以及中心或外围位置对街区进行分类，发现千禧一代在“大衰退”之后居住在城市地区的比例高于前几代人。然而，近十年来，千禧一代人口逐渐向郊区转移：2011年至2021年，中心城区和城市边缘街区的千禧一代居民大量流失，而外围郊区街区的千禧一代人口则出现大幅增长。在街区便利设施（例如餐馆和公园）方面，尽管在千禧一代增长最多的街区中便利设施增长更快，但千禧一代大多离开了便利设施丰富的地区，去了便利设施较少的街区。千禧一代人口的郊区化似乎与住房负担能力和对更大住房的需求有关，因为人口转移在一些都会区更为明显，而那些都会区住房可负担性较低且中心城市街区较大住房所占的比例较低。本文的研究结果表明，经济适用且大小合适的住房，辅之以街区便利设施，对于吸引和留住千禧一代人口非常重要。
demographics, housing, migration, millennial generation, neighbourhood, planning, suburban neighbourhood人口统计、住房、迁移、千禧一代、街区、规划、郊区街区
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231221048Those who leave: Out-migration and decentralisation of welfare beneficiaries in gentrified Paris
那些离开的人：绅士化巴黎福利受益者的外迁和去中心化
Luc Guibard（法国巴黎西岱大学）
Renaud Le Goix（法国巴黎西岱大学）
首次出版时间：2024/02/19｜研究论文
Abstract
In major metropolitan areas, gentrification, financialisation and welfare retrenchment contribute to a severe housing crisis. Over the past 20 years, home price inflation and affordable housing shrinkage have been particularly acute in Paris. Such issues have been linked to the displacement of lower-income Parisians and the suburbanisation of poverty on a regional scale. In this article, we match disaggregated data from the Family Benefits Fund (CAF) with information on local housing markets, to empirically document these expulsionary processes. Our methodology is twofold. First, we investigate out-migration factors using logistic regressions. Second, we compare households’ changes in access to the city centre and urban resources following a move. Data show that social vulnerability is associated with a greater risk of leaving Paris and that housing welfare is playing a crucial role in mitigating this risk. Also, the higher the pressure on local housing markets, the more social inequalities determine mobility behaviour. Finally, beyond the effects of family structure, patterns of decentralisation are related to income level: less affluent households go farther from the city centre, job opportunities and services than higher-income households.
在主要大都市地区，绅士化、金融化和福利紧缩导致了严重的住房危机。过去20年来，巴黎的房价上涨和经济适用住房萎缩尤为严重。这些问题与低收入巴黎人的流离失所以及区域范围内贫困的郊区化有关。本文将家庭福利基金 (CAF) 的分解数据与当地住房市场的信息进行匹配，以实证方式记录这些排斥过程。我们的研究方法分两个部分。首先，我们使用逻辑回归研究外迁因素。其次，我们比较了外迁家庭在迁出之后，在进入市中心和获取城市资源方面机会的变化。数据显示，社会脆弱性与离开巴黎的更大风险相关，而住房福利在减轻这种风险方面发挥着至关重要的作用。此外，当地住房市场的压力越大，社会不平等对流动行为的影响就越大。最后，除了家庭结构的影响之外，去中心化的模式还与收入水平有关：较不富裕的家庭比高收入家庭距离市中心、工作机会和服务更远。
decentralisation, displacement, exclusion, gentrification, housing, out-migration, poverty去中心化、流离失所、排斥、绅士化、住房、外迁、贫困
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231224640Doing sonic urban ethnography: Voices from Shanghai, Berlin and London
声景城市民族志研究探索：来自上海、柏林和伦敦的声音
Karolina Doughty（荷兰瓦格宁根大学）Muhammet Esat Tiryaki（柏林洪堡大学）Katherine Robinson（英国伦敦大学）Matters of sound and listening are increasingly being attended to across the social sciences and humanities, reflecting what has been termed a ‘sonic turn’ since the early 2000s. In urban ethnographic research, scholars are starting to pay attention to the role of sound in social relations, in expressions of identity and senses of belonging, as well as in processes of othering. In this paper, we explore the theoretical and methodological opportunities of sonic urban ethnography, that is, an urban ethnography that foregrounds sound and listening in theoretical and methodological ways. We argue that the promise of sonic urban ethnography lies in its ability to interrupt the predominant focus on text and the visual by developing expanded practices of listening for alternative ways of knowing and engaging with the urban. We share four empirical vignettes from Shanghai, Berlin and London that illustrate, in their different ways, the power exercised through sound in the urban environment. Our discussion of the empirical cases highlights three key ‘lessons’ for doing sonic urban ethnography.摘要
声音和听觉问题越来越受到社会科学和人文科学的关注，反映了自二十一世纪初以来所谓的“声音转向”。在城市民族志研究中，研究者们开始关注声音在社会关系、身份和归属感表达以及他者化过程中的作用。在本文中，我们探讨了声音城市民族志的理论和方法论机会，即以理论和方法论方式强调声音和听觉的城市民族志。我们认为，声音城市民族志的前景在于它能够通过扩展听觉实践来寻找了解和参与城市的替代方式，从而打破对文本和视觉的主导性关注。我们分享了来自上海、柏林和伦敦的四个实证案例，这些案例以不同的方式说明了在城市环境中通过声音所行使的权力。我们对实证案例的讨论强调了进行声音城市民族志研究的三个关键经验教训。
city, language, sonic ethnography, sound, soundscape, urban ethnography城市、语言、声音民族志、声音、音景、城市民族志
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231223866微信号｜USJ_online
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