Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。“论文快递”栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百六十八期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First中最新发表的五篇论文。主题包括街道层面建成环境和犯罪之间的关系，年轻女性的城市夜间经济体验，组织实体对发明专利出现地点的影响，私营部门参与发展中国家的应急治理，以及非正规住区作为一种促进城市系统韧性和适应性的聚居模式。欢迎阅读。
Analysing non-linearities and threshold effects between street-level built environments and local crime patterns: An interpretable machine learning approach
分析街道层面建成环境和当地犯罪模式之间的非线性关系与阈值效应：一种基于可解释机器学习的方法
Despite the substantial number of studies on the relationships between crime patterns and built environments, the impacts of street-level built environments on crime patterns have not been definitively determined due to the limitations of obtaining detailed streetscape data and conventional analysis models. To fill these gaps, this study focuses on the non-linear relationships and threshold effects between built environments and local crime patterns at the level of a street segment in the City of Santa Ana, California. Using Google Street View (GSV) and semantic segmentation techniques, we quantify the features of the built environment in GSV images. Then, we examine the non-linear relationships and threshold effects between built environment factors and crime by applying interpretable machine learning (IML) methods. While the machine learning models, especially Deep Neural Network (DNN), outperformed negative binomial regression in predicting future crime events, particularly advantageous was that they allowed us to obtain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between crime patterns and environmental factors. The results of interpreting the DNN model through IML indicate that most streetscape elements showed non-linear relationships and threshold effects with crime patterns that cannot be easily captured by conventional regression model specifications. The non-linearities and threshold effects revealed in this study can shed light on the factors associated with crime patterns and contribute to policy development for public safety from crime.
尽管对犯罪模式与建成环境之间关系的研究有很多，但由于无法获得详细的街景数据以及传统分析模型的局限性，街道建成环境对犯罪模式的影响尚未得到明确确定。为了填补这些空白，本文重点关注加利福尼亚州圣安娜市街道层面的建成环境与当地犯罪模式之间的非线性关系和阈值效应。我们使用谷歌街景 (GSV) 和语义分割技术，量化了 GSV 图像中建成环境的特征。然后，我们应用可解释机器学习（IML）方法考察建成环境因素和犯罪之间的非线性关系和阈值效应。一方面，机器学习模型——尤其是深度神经网络（DNN）——在预测未来犯罪事件方面的表现优于负二项回归；同时特别有利的是，它们使我们能够更深入地了解犯罪模式与环境因素之间的复杂关系。我们通过 IML 解释 DNN 模型，结果表明，大多数街景元素与犯罪模式表现出非线性关系和阈值效应，这是传统回归模型设置难以捕捉到的。本文揭示的非线性关系和阈值效应可以让人们对与犯罪模式相关的因素有进一步的了解，并有助于制定预防犯罪的公共安全政策。
built environment, crime, Google Street View, interpretable machine learning, semantic segmentation
建成环境、犯罪、谷歌街景、可解释机器学习、语义分割https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241270948“This is what I like, this is why I need to be here”: Young women’s pleasure in the urban night time economy
“这就是我喜欢的，这就是我为何需要在这里”：年轻女性在城市夜经济中的愉悦感
Pleasure is at the heart of ‘nights out’, yet research on the UK’s night-time economy has consistently focussed instead on the risks and harms experienced by particular groups. Where this body of work has met research on young women, the emphasis on the problems of the night-time economy has been especially evident. This paper extends understandings of this subject by making an analysis of young women’s pleasure central. It uses qualitative data to argue that young women’s pleasure in the night-time economy is related to a deep sense of mutuality and, going further, introduces the term ‘opened-out subjectivity’ to characterise this sense of connection. Finally, it shows how this subjectivity helps constitute the appeal of nights out, a new direction in night-time economy research.“夜生活”的核心是享乐，然而英国夜间经济的研究却一直关注特定群体所经历的风险和危害。特别是当针对年轻女性进行研究时，对夜间经济所具有的问题的强调尤为明显。本文通过将年轻女性的享乐活动置于中心地位进行分析，来扩展对该主题的理解。本文使用定性数据来论证年轻女性在夜间经济中所感受到的愉悦与一种深层的相互联系感有关，并进一步引入了“开放的主观性”这一术语来描述这种联系感。最后，本文表明这种主观性如何有助于增强夜生活的吸引力，这是夜间经济研究的一个新方向。
night-time economy, young women, pleasure, subjectivity
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241270990Organisations and the dynamics of change in the location of American invention
组织实体与美国发明产生地点的变化动态
Breandán Ó hUallacháin（美国亚利桑那州立大学）The effects of individual organisations on the location of invention in the United States is underexplored. A handful of companies generate most of the inventions in most American cities and their actions do not average out in the aggregate. Temporal stability in city system properties corroborates agglomeration theories built on models of monopolistic competition that treat all firms as small and uninfluential. However, substantial churn in patenting occurs in individual cities. Churn is associated with the strategic choices made by particular firms as they expand and contract their inventive assets. The effects of idiosyncratic decisions on levels and growth of patenting are revealed. A novel inverse-size volatility hypothesis is tested that is consistent with a claim that beyond the largest most inventive cities individual organisations are highly influential and identifiable. The findings are compatible with recognition that variety in market structures is essential to understanding the location and growth of invention in the American urban system.单个组织对美国发明产生地点的影响尚未得到充分研究。在大多数美国城市中，大多数发明都是由少数几家公司创造的，这些影响聚集到总体上也并不能平均抵消。城市系统属性的时间稳定性证实了建立在垄断竞争模型基础上的集聚理论，此类模型将所有企业视为规模小、影响力小的存在。然而，单个城市的专利申请量会出现大幅波动，这些波动与特定公司在扩大和收缩其创新资产时做出的战略选择有关。本文揭示了个别决策对专利申请的水平和增长的影响。我们检验了一种新颖的逆规模波动假说，该假说与以下观点一致：除了最大的、最具创造力的城市之外，单个组织也具有很强的影响力和可识别性。本文的研究结果认为，市场结构的多样性对于理解美国城市体系中发明的地点和增长至关重要。
growth, invention, location, organisation, volatility增长、发明、地点、组织、波动性
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241270997Corporations and cities under distress: Organised business and ‘emergency’ governance in Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa
危机之下的企业和城市：公司组织和南非纳尔逊·曼德拉湾的“紧急”治理
Marius Pieterse（南非金山大学）
Amanda Spies（南非纳尔逊·曼德拉大学）
首次出版时间：2024/09/28｜研究论文
Abstract
This article considers private sector embroilment in urban governance under disaster/crisis conditions in cities of the developing world, paying particular attention to the role of law in structuring urban governance regimes. Through a case study detailing the changing relationship dynamics between organised business and the South African metropolitan municipality of Nelson Mandela Bay during a confluence of the Covid-19 pandemic and a debilitating drought, the article shows that crisis conditions can induce moments of civic solidarity between urban local governments and their non-state stakeholders, which might be leveraged to produce progressive ‘everyday’ urban governance arrangements. However, the incomplete consolidation of such an arrangement in Nelson Mandela Bay leads the article to consider the adequacy of the South African legal framework for urban governance, thereby highlighting how urban law may enable, stabilise and ensure accountability for ‘emergency’ urban governance.
本文探讨了发展中国家的城市在灾难或危机条件下私营部门参与城市治理的情况，特别关注法律在构建城市治理制度中的作用。通过案例研究，本文详细描述了在新冠疫情和严重干旱交织期间，有组织的企业与南非纳尔逊·曼德拉湾大都会自治市之间不断变化的关系动态。据此，本文表明，危机条件可以引发城市地方政府与其非政府利益相关方之间的公民团结时刻，这也许有助于产生渐进的“日常”城市治理安排。然而，纳尔逊·曼德拉湾这种安排的不完全巩固，促使本文思考南非城市治理法律框架的充分性，从而强调城市法律如何可以实现“紧急”城市治理、保障其稳定，并确保对其的问责。
disaster management, local government, private sector, urban governance, urban law灾害管理、地方政府、私营部门、城市治理、城市法律
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241276273(In-)formal settlement to whom? Archaeology and old urban agendas for sustainability transitions in Ethiopia
对谁而言的（非）正规住区？考古学与埃塞俄比亚可持续性转型的历史城市议程
Christian Isendahl（瑞典哥德堡大学）African urban populations are growing predominantly through types of settlement commonly referred to as ‘informal’– settlements constructed outside the control of city or state governments. For the UN New Urban Agenda, informal settlement presents a challenge to developing sustainable cities. Settlement qualification in urban development discourse often relies on prescriptive formal models and considers anything not complying to these as ‘informal’ and unsustainable. This paper advances informal settlement as an adaptive response to Western planning models that builds on regional histories of organising urban space. Examining archaeological and historical urban records from northern Ethiopia, we define spatial patterns and social processes of urban transition over millennia. In the analysis, settlements that in current urban debates fall under the ‘informal’ rubric contribute to building urban resilience. A century-scale resolution reveals contingent conditions for cities enduring climatic and socio-political shifts during the Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite periods (c. 800 BCE–CE 900) and afterwards. Past urban transitions were marked by inverse settlement dynamics: as urban cores shrank, peri-urban settlement grew and new centres were established. Although spatial reconfigurations followed political shifts, urban settlement remained largely consistent: urban landscapes of food production, material processing, resource trading and ritual making. In the Aksumite record, informal processes convey flexibility and diversity of settlement forms to undergo sustainability transitions. The durability of urban morphologies in the archaeological record warrants against stereotyping informal settlement as a challenge to sustainability transitions. A long-term perspective supports emerging approaches to informal settlement today as a locally adaptive property of urban systems.摘要
非洲城市人口的增长主要是在那些通常被称为“非正规”住区的地方，即不受城市或国家政府控制的住区。从联合国新城市议程的观点来看，非正规住区对可持续城市的发展提出了挑战。在城市发展话语中，住区是否合格通常依赖于预先给定的正规模型，并将任何不符合这些模型的事物视为“非正规的”和不可持续的。本文提出非正规住区是针对西方规划模式的一种适应性反应，建立在组织城市空间的区域性历史基础之上。通过考察埃塞俄比亚北部的考古和历史城市记录，我们明确了数千年来城市变迁的空间模式和社会进程。分析显示，在当前关于城市的讨论中属于“非正规”范畴的住区，有助于增强城市韧性。我们的分析精确到以百年为单位的时间尺度，揭示了前阿克苏姆时期和阿克苏姆时期（公元前 800 年到公元 900 年）及之后，城市经历气候和社会政治变迁的偶发条件。过去的城市转型特点是逆向的定居动态：随着城市核心区的收缩，城市周边的住区不断增长，新的中心区不断建立。尽管空间重构随着政治变化而发生，城市住区仍然基本保持一致，反映为食品生产、材料加工、资源交易和仪式举行的城市景观。在阿克苏姆人的记录中，非正规进程传达了可持续发展转型过程中定居形式的灵活性和多样性。考古记录中城市形态的持久性表明非正规住区不应被认定为可持续发展转型的挑战。从长远角度看，当今的非正规住区应当被使用一种新兴的方法来理解，成为城市系统的一种局部适应性特性。
Aksum, archaeology, Ethiopia, informal settlements, urban sustainability transitions阿克苏姆、考古学、埃塞俄比亚、非正规住区、城市可持续发展转型
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241272047微信号｜USJ_online
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