论文快递:第二百六十五期

文摘   教育   2024-09-09 14:57   广东  

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Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇,每年发表16期,共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大,文章从接收到正式出版周期较长,因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。“论文快递”栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文,方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态,敬请关注!


本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百六十五期,将介绍Urban Studies Online First中的五篇论文主题包括保障性住房供应中的政治因素大城市中心的垂直通勤公共交通可及性与汽车拥有量公民参与智慧城市,以及联邦政府管理城市公共空间的意义。欢迎阅读。

01

Politics in affordable housing provision: How partisan control of local councils influences planning choices

保障性房供应中的政治因素:地方议会的党派控制如何影响规划选择

Yonah Slifkin Freemark(美国城市研究所)

首次出版时间:2024/08/30|研究论文

Abstract
Investment in publicly subsidised social housing units – designed to ensure long-term access to dwellings for households with low and moderate incomes – is a strategy that cities around the world leverage to increase housing affordability. But the availability of such affordable units varies tremendously between cities, even within the same country. To what degree is this variation the product of local politics expressed through voter or policymaker preferences? To answer this question, I examine the inclusion of social housing in major development projects planned in hundreds of municipalities across the Paris, France, metropolitan region. Through a series of multiple regression analyses, I demonstrate that in cities with left-wing councils, shares of social housing units in new projects are an average of 7–11 percentage points higher than in cities with right-wing or centrist councils, after controlling for the ideologies of local residents, preexisting levels of social housing and community demographics. Though voters’ political preferences are closely associated with city-level social housing shares, elected officials’ partisan affiliations explain variations in the provision of social housing in newly approved projects. I reaffirm these findings by using a series of regression discontinuity tests to examine differences between communities with close elections. These results show how the partisan affiliations of local leaders affect urban planning choices in their communities.


摘要
投资公共补贴的社会住房旨在确保中低收入家庭能够长期获得住房,这是世界各地城市用来提高住房可负担性的一项策略。但即使在同一个国家,不同城市之间此类保障性住房的供应情况也存在很大差异。这种差异在多大程度上是通过选民或政策制定者的偏好所表达的地方政治的产物?为了回答这个问题,本文考察了法国巴黎大都会地区数百个基层市政区在规划的大型开发项目中纳入社会住房的情况。通过一系列多元回归分析,本文发现,在剔除了当地居民的意识形态、现有的社会住房水平和社区人口统计数据等受控因素的影响之后,在左翼议会管理的城市中,新项目中社会住房的比例平均比右翼或中间派议会管理的城市高出 7-11 个百分点。尽管选民的政治偏好与城市级社会住房份额密切相关,但民选官员的党派倾向可以解释新批准项目中社会住房供应的差异。本文使用一系列断点回归测试考查了选举势均力敌的社区之间的差异,从而再次证实了这些发现。这些结果显示了地方领导人的党派关系如何影响其社区的城市规划选择。

Keywords 
agglomeration/urbanisation, housing, local government, planning, politics


关键词
集聚/城市化、住房、地方政府、规划、政治

原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241267246

02

The logistical governance of vertical commuting in the central business district

中央商务区垂直通勤的后勤管理

Donald McNeill(澳大利亚悉尼大学)
Andrea Connor(澳大利亚西悉尼大学)

首次出版时间:2024/09/02|研究论文

Abstract
The centre of major cities is a focus of commuting patterns, and this article sets out how major cities use calculative practices to guide commuters through a complex, multiplanar, volumetric city. It examines how public transport officials, consultants, city planners and property developers interact to move commuters through inter-locking public and private spaces on a journey between underground, surface and high-rise commercial structures. Using a case study of Sydney’s central business district, it presents three areas where the governance of this movement can be observed. First, it considers how underground rail planning has adopted new modes of organising capacity, especially in terms of the use of behavioural psychology in organising platform and escalator crowd behaviour. Second, the article discusses navigation at ground level, where rail commuters emerge onto the pavement to continue their journey. Urban planners, along with specialists in wayfinding and people movement, calculate capacity and make behavioural interventions to influence movement up, down and across surfaces. Third, it explores the relationship between elevator technology, vertical people flow analysis and the floorplate design of offices. The article’s contribution is in its conceptual and empirical illustration of how the rhythms of urban crowds are tracked, calculated and structured by a range of experts; in turn, we can see how these experts have emerged as significant agents in maximising the ability to extract value from the built volume of cities.

摘要

大城市的中心是通勤模式的焦点,本文阐述了大城市如何利用计算实践来引导通勤者穿越复杂、多平面、立体的城市。本文考察公共交通官员、顾问、城市规划人员和房地产开发商如何互动,让通勤者在地下、地面和高层商业建筑之间穿梭,穿过相互关联的公共和私人空间。本文以悉尼中央商务区为例,提出了可以观察这一流动治理的三个方面。首先,本文考虑了地下铁路规划如何采用新的容量组织模式,特别是在利用行为心理学来组织站台和自动扶梯人群行为方面。其次,本文讨论了地面导航,关注如何让乘坐火车的乘客移动到人行道上继续他们的旅程。城市规划人员与路线指引专家和人员流动专家一起计算容量,并采取行为干预来影响上下和跨表面的流动。第三,本文探讨电梯技术、垂直人流分析和办公室楼层平面设计之间的关系。本文的贡献在于从概念和实证角度阐述了城市人群的节奏如何由一些专家来追踪、计算和构建;反过来,我们可以看到这些专家如何充当了重要推动者,最大限度地提高了从城市建成容积中提取价值的能力。


Keywords 

built environment, technology/smart cities, theory, transport


关键词

建成环境、技术/智慧城市、理论、交通


原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241263226

03

Car ownership after having children: Exploring the impacts of income and public transport accessibility

有孩子后的汽车拥有量:探索收入和公共交通可及性的影响

Erik B Lunke(挪威奥斯陆运输经济研究所)

首次出版时间:2024/09/03|研究论文

Abstract

Mobility research and theory suggests that new parents often develop a car-dependent way of living that runs counter to prevailing climate policies. In this context, the current study investigates the influence of public transport accessibility on car ownership among first-time parents in the Oslo region. Specific attention is paid to how the effect of accessibility varies with different income levels. Linear probability and fixed-effects models are applied to parents and a control group of non-parents to explore these relationships. The results show that public transport accessibility reduces the likelihood of car ownership in the years after family formation, although with larger impacts for some income groups than for others. Households with a high income combine car ownership with high access, whereas others seem to sacrifice one for the other. These findings have several policy implications. First, urban regions with a combination of gentrification in the central city and increasing poverty in suburban areas face a potential conflict between environmental and social sustainability. Finding ways to increase central-city opportunities for low- and medium-income families is a difficult but important step towards greater overall sustainability. Second, the reduction of car ownership among high-income households appears to require supplementary measures. The article ends with a discussion of the findings in the context of broader urban policy development, particularly in relation to the prioritisation of collective consumption.


摘要

出行研究和理论表明,新手父母往往会养成依赖汽车的生活方式,这与现行的气候政策背道而驰。在此背景下,本文考察了公共交通可及性对奥斯陆地区新手父母汽车拥有量的影响。我们特别关注可及性的影响如何因为收入水平的不同而不同。我们将线性概率和固定效应模型应用于新手父母组和非新手父母对照组,来探索这些关系。研究结果表明,公共交通的可及性降低了家庭成立后的几年内拥有汽车的可能性,但是对某些收入群体的影响比其他群体更大。高收入家庭既拥有汽车,还拥有很高的公共交通可及性,而其他家庭似乎只能在两者之中选其一。这些发现可能会对政策造成多方面的影响。首先,城市中心绅士化与郊区贫困加剧的城市地区面临着环境可持续性和社会可持续性之间的潜在冲突。为城市中心中低收入家庭谋求更多的机会是很困难的,却是进一步实现整体可持续发展的重要的一步。其次,似乎需要采取补充措施才能减少高收入家庭的汽车拥有量。最后,本文在更广泛的城市政策发展背景下讨论了研究结果,特别是其与集体消费优先之间的关系。


Keywords 
car ownership, first-time parents, fixed-effects models, public transport, residential mobility

关键词

汽车拥有量、新手父母、固定效应模型、公共交通、居住迁移


原文地址

https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241271003

04

Application of the VBN theory to understand residents’ participation in the smart city: The case of French metropolises

应用 VBN 理论理解智慧城市中的居民参与:法国大都市的案例

Norbert Lebrument(法国克莱蒙奥弗涅大学)

Cédrine Zumbo-Lebrument(法国克莱蒙商学院)

Corinne Rochette(法国克莱蒙奥弗涅大学


首次出版时间:2024/09/04|研究论文


Abstract

Cities, where 60% of the world’s population lives, are particularly vulnerable to global warming. The environmental aspect is therefore an important dimension of sustainable smart cities, as is citizen participation. Based on the Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) theory, we explore the idea that citizen participation in the smart city is largely conditioned by the environmental consequences and responsibilities they attribute to their behaviour. A survey was conducted among 1670 residents of six major French cities involved in a smart city approach. Based on a model test using the PLS-PM approach, the results, confirm the validity of VBN theory in the French smart city context. More specifically, pro-environmental personal norms positively influence residents’ intention to participate in the smart city. Biospheric and altruistic values promote an ecological vision of the world, which strengthens awareness of environmental consequences and a sense of responsibility, which in turn activates pro-environmental personal norms. In this way, we demonstrate the relevance of mobilising the VBN theory to understand citizen participation in the smart city. Citizen participation in the smart city is ultimately a pro-environmental behaviour in itself. We make suggestions on how to develop citizen participation by strengthening environmental awareness and responsibility.


摘要 

城市是全球60%人口的居住地,特别容易受到全球变暖的影响。因此,环境因素和公民参与都是可持续智慧城市的重要维度。基于价值-信念-规范 (VBN) 理论,我们探讨了这样一种观点:公民参与智慧城市在很大程度上取决于其将哪些环境后果和责任归于自身的行为。我们对法国1,670 名居民进行了调查,这些居民来自于参与了智慧城市建设的六个主要城市。基于使用PLS-PM方法的模型测试的结果证实了VBN理论在法国智慧城市环境中的有效性。更具体地说,亲环境的个人规范对居民参与智慧城市的意愿有积极影响。生物圈价值观和利他主义价值观促进了生态世界观,增强了对环境后果的认识和责任感,进而激活了亲环境的个人规范。通过这种方式,我们证明了运用 VBN 理论来了解公民参与智慧城市的相关性。公民参与智慧城市本身就是一种有利于环境的行为。我们就如何通过增强环境意识和责任感来促进公民参与提出了建议。


Keywords
citizen participation, smart city, sustainable city, Value–Belief–Norm theory

关键词

公民参与、智慧城市、可持续城市、价值-信念-规范理论


原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241269808

05

The governance of public space by legally unique bodies: A case study of Vancouver’s Granville Island

法律上独一无二的机构对公共空间的管理:温哥华格兰维尔岛案例研究

Alexandra Flynn(加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学)
Claire Stevenson-Blythe(加拿大多伦多大学)

首次出版时间:2024/09/05|研究论文

Abstract
This article focuses on the governance of Granville Island, a former industrial stretch of land that operates as an arts destination abutting the City of Vancouver’s waterfront. While Granville Island might look like any other neighbourhood in Vancouver, it is in fact owned and managed by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, a federal agency, on behalf of the Government of Canada. This article examines what it means, democratically speaking, for the federal government to operate public space in a city. Public entities are each legally unique, raising questions as to how they and their relationships with other entities can be understood, evaluated and adjudicated. This article animates how public entities are understood under Canadian law by demonstrating the difficulty in crafting inclusive, participatory governance models that respond to the many interests involved in public space, especially spaces that are explicitly identified as ‘innovative’. Drawing on qualitative data and document review, the article highlights the manner in which Granville Island has been structured and operated by the federal government, its singular focus on commerce and tourism and its weak commitments to accountability, transparency and representation. Granville Island is rendered ‘invisible’ in its governance: it blends into the urban form as though part of the City of Vancouver, while at the same time lacking in accountability, transparency and representation. We conclude that while Granville Island governs public space, making it seem like a neighbourhood in a municipality, it cannot be conceptualised as a ‘democratic body’.

摘要

本文重点介绍格兰维尔岛的治理,该岛以前是一块工业区,现在是毗邻温哥华海滨的艺术胜地。虽然格兰维尔岛看起来与温哥华的其他街区没什么不同,但实际上它是由加拿大抵押贷款与住房公司(一家加拿大政府国有公司)代表加拿大政府拥有和管理的。本文探讨了从民主角度来说联邦政府管理城市公共空间的意义。每个公共实体在法律上都是独一无二的,这引发了人们如何理解、评估和裁决它们及其与其他实体的关系的问题。本文通过展示制定包容性、参与性的治理模式的难度来生动地说明如何根据加拿大法律理解公共实体,这种治理模式可以对公共空间(尤其是明确定义为“创新”的空间)所涉及的诸多利益相关者进行回应。本文通过定性数据和文献综述,重点介绍了联邦政府对格兰维尔岛的构建和运营方式、其对商业和旅游业的单一关注以及对问责制、透明度和代表性的薄弱承诺。格兰维尔岛的治理显得很“隐形”:它融入城市形态,仿佛是温哥华市的一部分,但同时缺乏问责制、透明度和代表性。我们得出的结论是,虽然格兰维尔岛管理着公共空间,使其看起来像是一个市辖区内的街区,但它不能被概念化为一个“民主机构”。


Keywords

community, governance, land use, law and society, local government neighbourhood, special purpose bodies, urban studies


关键词

社区、治理、土地使用、法律与社会、地方政府、街区、特殊目的机构、城市研究

原文地址

https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241264636


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