美国、加拿大限制中国半导体芯片进口，芯片制造出海在即

——做专业的科技财经媒体！

根据半导体研究机构KnometaResearch发布的数据，2023年底全球半导体产能份额中，中国大陆占比为19.1%，位居全球第三位，仅次于韩国（22.2%）和中国台湾（22.0%）。不过中国也已经成为全球半导体的最大需求市场，占比达到29.5%。

2024年中国大陆在半导体制造设备上的支出持续增长，成为建设新芯片工厂的最大投资者之一，这进一步推动了中国半导体产能的提升。EMI预计中国大陆芯片制造商将在2024年开始运营18个项目，产能将从2023年的每月760万片晶圆增加13%，达到每月860万片晶圆。

而在一些细分领域，如太阳能电池、MCU、中低端功率半导体、中低端传感器等芯片领域，中国的产能已经出现过剩，在中国大陆市场上出现了价格战竞争的局面，一些半导体生产厂商和芯片厂商，已经开始往全球市场上铺货。

欧美在半导体领域进行进出口双向限制

近日美国对华的301关税进行了相关调整。2024年9月13日，美国贸易代表办公室发布通告，以“改变”中国与技术转让相关的政策做法，增强美国供应链安全为由，对华分段加征“301关税”。美国从9月27日起对原产于中国的电动汽车加征100%的关税，最终税率为102.5%（2.5%的最惠国关税+100%的“301关税”）；对光伏电池加征50%的关税；对电动汽车用锂电池、岸边起重机、钢铁和铝产品等加征25%的关税。美国还将从2025年1月1日起，将原产于中国的部分半导体产品、医用或外科手套的“301关税”税率提高至50%。从2026年1月1日起再次提升原产于中国的口罩、医用手套等产品的关税税率。

同时白宫宣布将调整小额进口免税政策以限制中国电商产品进口。2024年9月13日，拜登政府宣布调整小额进口免税政策，重点针对来自中国电商平台的小额包裹，以更好地保护消费者、工人和企业。措施包括：（1）将某些产品排除在小额进口免税之外，以减少进口量；（2）提高对小额包裹入境的信息收集要求，加强监管力度；（3）要求进口商在货物入境时提交合规证书，以防规避安全标准；（4）推动立法改革，以全方位保护消费者和工人；（5）支持纺织品和服装制造商，通过扩大产品采购和加强执法力度，保障行业就业，确保公平竞争。   

而在2024年9月10日，加拿大也宣布拟对原产于中国的电池和电池部件、半导体、太阳能产品和关键矿物等产品加征关税，并启动为期30天的公众咨询。

美国打造友岸半导体联盟

在半导体领域，近年来美国政府推出了《芯片和科学法案》，美国商务部工业和安全局（BIS）并于2023年10月17日发布了针对芯片的出口管制新规，从芯片到生产芯片的设备，限制在友岸国家中发展，对于非友岸国家进行管制。

而最近的美国对从中国进口的半导体产品征收50%的关税，这一措施对半导体行业的影响尤为深远，半导体是现代电子设备的核心组件，美国此举旨在削弱中国在半导体领域的竞争力。

双方冲突的起因，除了中美贸易摩控不断之外，新冠疫情期间，美国和欧盟的经济都因半导体短缺而受到影响。芯片短缺因芯片需求的意外激增而产生，芯片短缺导致了美国和欧盟的汽车生产量缩减。据报道，2020年及以后，由于芯片短缺，美国汽车行业损失了约400万辆汽车的生产，而在欧洲，一位德国高级官员在2023年指出，“由于缺少芯片，我们在2021年损失了1-1.5%的国内生产总值，约400亿欧元”。

后疫情时代，美国和欧盟在芯片领域的脆弱性仍然真实存在。美国和欧盟都非常依赖在中国台湾地区制造的芯片。美国和欧盟面临的共同问题是双方都没有能力大规模生产最先进的芯片，即2纳米和3纳米节点的芯片。目前，生产最先进芯片的能力部分在韩国，但主要在中国台湾地区。   

为此美国、欧盟都出台了相关的芯片法案，并且在限制其对特定国家半导体、量子计算和人工智能行业的出口管制、对外投资审查的一致性上，美国和包括欧盟委员会和德国在内的一些美国盟友，正在采取具体步骤，以协调他们对特定国家的芯片技术出口管制。

并同意日本必须参与与芯片法案相关的倡议。日本最近启动了一项重大倡议，即日本高端芯片公司Rapidus旨在实现本地化先进半导体工艺的设计和制造。该公司与在北美最大的非营利性半导体研发机构NYCREATES以及比利时的Imec紧密合作，以期恢复日本在全球先进芯片生产的地位。

另外，美国还通过美国国际技术安全与创新基金（ITSI基金），招募了8个成员国加入，包括印度、越南、印度尼西亚、肯尼亚、哥斯达黎加、墨西哥、巴拿马和菲律宾。根据协议，美方发起此类活动旨在建立微电路组装、测试和封装设施，即其生产的最后阶段。

这其中，印度和越南较为积极。印度只要有半导体企业前去投资建厂，可以享受50%的中央政府补贴外，还能享受20%到25%不等的地方邦的政府补贴，差不多企业只要出30%左右的钱，就能收获一家半导体生产工厂，还能顺便收获印度这个巨大的人口市场，相当有吸引力。

United States. Canada restricts the import of semiconductor chips from China, and chip manufacturing is about to go overseas

Editor: Lucien

According to data released by KnometaResearch, a semiconductor research institution, Chinese mainland accounted for 19.1% of the global semiconductor production capacity share at the end of 2023, ranking third in the world, second only to Korea (22.2%) and Taiwan (22.0%). However, China has also become the world's largest demand market for semiconductors, accounting for 29.5%.    

Chinese mainland's spending on semiconductor manufacturing equipment continues to grow in 2024, becoming one of the largest investors in the construction of new chip factories, which further boosts China's semiconductor production capacity. EMI expects Chinese mainland chipmakers to start operating 18 projects in 2024, increasing capacity by 13% from 7.6 million wafers per month in 2023 to 8.6 million wafers per month.

In some subdivisions, such as solar cells, MCUs, low-end power semiconductors, low-end sensors and other chip fields, China's production capacity has been excessive, and there has been a price war competition in the Chinese mainland market, and some semiconductor manufacturers and chip manufacturers have begun to distribute goods to the global market.

Europe and the United States have imposed two-way restrictions on imports and exports in the semiconductor field

Recently, the United States has made relevant adjustments to its Section 301 tariffs on China. On September 13, 2024, the Office of the United States Trade Representative issued a notice imposing additional Section 301 tariffs on China on the grounds of "changing" China's policy practices related to technology transfer and enhancing the security of United States supply chains. United States imposed 100% tariffs on electric vehicles originating in China from September 27, with a final rate of 102.5% (2.5% MFN tariff + 100% "Section 301 tariff"); an additional 50% tariff on photovoltaic cells; An additional 25% tariff will be imposed on lithium batteries for electric vehicles, quay cranes, steel and aluminum products, etc. The United States will also increase the Section 301 tariff rate to 50% on certain semiconductor products and medical or surgical gloves originating in China from January 1, 2025. From January 1, 2026, the tariff rate of masks, medical gloves and other products originating in China will be increased again.    

At the same time, the White House announced that it would adjust the small import duty-free policy to restrict the import of Chinese e-commerce products. On September 13, 2024, the Biden administration announced adjustments to the small import duty-free policy, focusing on small packages from Chinese e-commerce platforms to better protect consumers, workers, and businesses. Measures include: (1) reducing import volumes by excluding certain products from the petty import duty-free; (2) Raise the information collection requirements for the entry of small-value parcels and strengthen supervision; (3) require importers to submit a certificate of compliance when the goods enter the country to prevent circumvention of safety standards; (4) promote legislative reform to protect consumers and workers in all aspects; (5) Support textile and apparel manufacturers to protect industry employment and ensure fair competition by expanding product procurement and strengthening law enforcement.    

And on September 10, 2024, Canada also announced that it intends to impose tariffs on products such as batteries and battery components, semiconductors, solar products and critical minerals originating in China, and launched a 30-day public consultation.

The United States builds a friendly shore semiconductor alliance

In the field of semiconductors, in recent years, the United States government has introduced the "Chips and Science Act", and the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) of the United States Department of Commerce issued new export control rules for chips on October 17, 2023, from chips to equipment for producing chips, restricting the development of friendly countries and controlling non-friendly countries.

The recent United States imposed a 50% tariff on semiconductor imports from China, a measure that has a particularly far-reaching impact on the semiconductor industry, which is a core component of modern electronic equipment, and the United States move aims to weaken China's competitiveness in the semiconductor field.

The cause of the conflict between the two sides is not only the continuous trade control between China and the United States, but also the impact of the United States and the European Union's economy due to the shortage of semiconductors during the new crown epidemic. The chip shortage was created by an unexpected surge in demand for chips, which led to a reduction in car production in the United States and the European Union. In 2020 and beyond, the United States auto industry reportedly lost production of about 4 million vehicles due to chip shortages, while in Europe, a senior Germany official noted in 2023 that "we lost 1-1.5% of GDP in 2021, about 40 billion euros, due to the lack of chips."    

In the post-pandemic era, the vulnerability of the United States and the EU in the field of chips is still real. Both the United States and the European Union rely heavily on chips made in China's Taiwan region. The common problem facing the United States and the European Union is that neither side has the capacity to mass-produce the most advanced chips, namely those at the 2nm and 3nm nodes. Currently, the capacity to produce state-of-the-art chips is partly in Korea, but mainly in the Taiwan region of China.

To this end, United States and the European Union have both introduced relevant chip laws, and in terms of restricting their consistency of export controls and foreign investment reviews on the semiconductor, quantum computing and artificial intelligence industries in specific countries, United States and some United States allies, including the European Commission and Germany, are taking concrete steps to coordinate their export controls on chip technology in specific countries.    

and agreed that Japan must participate in initiatives related to the CHIPS Act. Japan recently launched a major initiative, Japan's high-end chip company Rapidus, which aims to enable the design and manufacture of localized advanced semiconductor processes. The company works closely with NYCREATES, the largest not-for-profit semiconductor research and development organization in North America, and Imec in Belgium to restore Japan's position in global advanced chip production.

In addition, through the United States International Technology Security and Innovation Fund (ITSI Fund), the United States has recruited eight member countries, including India, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Kenya, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama and the Philippines. According to the agreement, the American side initiated such activities with the aim of establishing microcircuit assembly, testing and packaging facilities, that is, the final stage of their production.

Among them, India and Viet Nam are more active. As long as there are semiconductor companies in India to invest in building factories, they can enjoy 50% of the central government subsidies, but also enjoy 20% to 25% of the government subsidies of local states, almost as long as the company pays about 30% of the money, you can harvest a semiconductor production plant, but also by the way to harvest India's huge population market, quite attractive.