【新刊速递】《世界政治》（WP），75th Anniversary, Advanced Access | 国政学人

题目：GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: The Twin Challenges of Economic Inequality and Disinformation

作者简介：Lisa L. Martin，威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校政治学系教授，研究兴趣为国际组织和机构在国际政治中的作用。

摘要：现代国际关系由正式和非正式的全球治理制度塑造，而其中大部分制度都属于自由国际秩序的范畴。与国内制度相似，这些国际制度同样面临着虚假信息泛滥与深入渗透带来的挑战。而自由国际秩序对国内经济不平等加剧问题的忽视，又进一步助长了对虚假信息的需求。因此，虚假信息与不平等成为全球治理面临的两大挑战。

Modern international interactions are structured by institutions of global governance, both formal and informal. Most of these institutions are encompassed by the liberal international order. Like domestic institutions, these international institutions are challenged by the prevalence and depth of disinformation. The demand for disinformation, in turn, has been fed by the order’s lack of attention to growing domestic economic inequality. Disinformation and inequality thus present twin challenges to global governance. 

题目：Southeast Asia and World Politics

作者简介：Thomas B. Pepinsky，康奈尔大学政府学系教授，布鲁金斯学会非驻高级研究员，研究方向为全球政治和经济系统的互动，研究重点包括东南亚和欧洲民主倒退的政治与政治经济学，以及马来世界中的民族和其他社会类别的演变。

摘要：本文回顾了自20世纪70年代中期以来，发表于《世界政治》期刊上有关东南亚的研究。文章基于东南亚区域研究领域中常见的关于该地区性质的辩论，指出东南亚政治研究的两个变化轴线：其一是对该地区联通性与自主性的强调；其二是对单个国家经验与共同区域动态的关注。以这种方式描述《世界政治》中关于东南亚的研究，有助于我们更全面地理解过去五十年间区域研究与政治学之间的关系。

This essay reviews research on Southeast Asia that has appeared in World Politics, with a focus on articles published since the mid-1970s. Drawing on debates about the nature of the region that are commonly found within the field of Southeast Asian area studies, the essay identifies two axes along which Southeast Asian politics research varies: in its emphasis on the connectedness versus autonomy of the region, and in its focus on individual country experiences versus common regional dynamics. Characterizing the Southeast Asia–focused research in World Politics in this way helps us to understand more generally the relationship between area studies and political science over the past fifty years. 

题目：Land/Labor Ratios, Citizenship, and Migrants: Exploring the Hidden Links in the Political Economy of Immigration Regimes

作者简介：Melle Scholten，美国弗吉尼亚大学政治学系博士候选人，主要研究兴趣为移民与侨汇的政治经济学和国际与比较政治经济学；David Leblang，某个弗吉尼亚大学政治学系教授，米勒公共事务中心（Miller Center of Public Affairs）主任，主要研究全球移民与金融市场的政治经济学。

摘要：在主权国家内，公民身份可以说是区分内部群体与外部群体最重要的政治标志。因此，关于谁能够享受公民身份利益的问题往往会引发分配冲突。当一个国家有大量移民涌入时，这种冲突便会加剧。鉴于公民身份的重要性及其争议性，那么决定其获取的规则又从何而来？本文的出发点是承认移民是流动的劳动力。从这个角度来看，精英阶层受益于生产性劳动力供给增加的国家——即那些具有较高土地/劳动力比率的国家——更有可能采取吸引移民的政策，如放宽入籍规则，包括出生公民权。本文通过统计证据来说明这一论点的合理性，并提出了进一步探讨这一关键问题的路径。

Within sovereign states citizenship is arguably the most important political marker of in- and outsiders. As a result, questions about who gets to reap the benefits of citizenship often result in distributional conflict. This conflict becomes inflamed when a country goes through a period of significant inward migration. Given that citizenship is so important and so contentious, from where do the rules governing its acquisition come? Our starting point is the acknowledgment that migrants are mobile labor. From this perspective, countries in which elites benefit from an increased supply of productive labor—that is, those with high land/labor ratios—will be more likely to adopt policies that attract migrants, such as easier naturalization rules, including birthright citizenship. We illustrate the plausibility of our argument with some statistical evidence and suggest some avenues to further explore this crucial question. 

题目：Democracy and Economic Growth: Theoretical Debates and Empirical Contributions

作者简介：Joel W. Simmons，乔治城大学埃德蒙·A·沃尔什外事学院副教授，研究兴趣为政治经济学，重点关注经济增长、全球化、社会政策、民主以及性别政治经济学。

摘要：民主是促进经济增长的促进还是阻碍因素？本文简要回顾了围绕这一长期存在问题的理论和实证研究，并指出了一些未来研究中富有前景的方向。

Is democracy a boon for economic growth or a hindrance? This brief essay reviews the theoretical and empirical contributions to this age-old question and highlights some potentially fruitful avenues for future research. 

题目：Democratic Backsliding, Resilience, and Resistance

作者简介：Rachel Beatty Riedl，康奈尔大学政府系教授，主要研究兴趣为全球范围内的民主与威权主义，特别关注非洲地区；Paul Friesen，康奈尔大学布鲁克公共政策学院全球民主中心博士后研究员，研究兴趣为全球民主，特别关注撒哈拉以南非洲的选举、政党以及政治行为；Jennifer McCoy，佐治亚州立大学政治学教授，研究兴趣包括民主极化、调解与冲突预防、选举流程及选举观察以及拉丁美洲政治；Kenneth Roberts，康奈尔大学政府系教授，研究兴趣为民主与发展政治经济学，特别关注政治不平等。

摘要：本文探讨了民主倒退研究中的两个重要问题：民主韧性与政治极化。文章首先提出了一系列方法论决策点，旨在提高当前围绕民主倒退衡量标准以及民主复苏可能性辩论的清晰度。接着，文章对民主倒退的路径进行了理论与实证分析，分析了在何种条件下倒退发生、哪些特定行为者参与其中，以及在韧性来源和抵抗策略的支持下，民主复苏的可能性。文章还探讨了政治极化在民主倒退中的作用，强调了政治能动性与制度杠杆在政权结局中的共同重要性。文章认为，政权的结局并非取决于先决条件，尤其并非是发展水平。

This article assesses two next-level questions in the study of democratic backsliding: democratic resilience and political polarization. It first advances a set of methodological decision points to improve clarity in contemporary debates surrounding democratic backsliding measurement and the possibility of identifying moments of democratic recovery. It then moves to a theoretical and empirical assessment of pathways by which democratic backsliding takes place, under what conditions, which specific actors are involved, and what opportunities exist for democratic recovery given sources of resilience and strategies of resistance. The authors examine the role of political polarization in backsliding and highlight the combined importance of political agency and institutional levers for regime outcomes. The authors argue that regime outcomes are not predetermined by antecedent conditions, and particularly not by the level of development. 

题目：Mutually Assured Disruption: Globalization, Security, and the Dangers of Decoupling

作者简介：Thomas J. Christensen，哥伦比亚大学国际与公共事务学院教授，研究兴趣包括中国外交、东亚国际关系和国际安全。

摘要：过去几十年间，亚太地区跨国生产的演变一直是维持和平的重要力量。全球化的批评者以及中美经济脱钩的支持者主张的政策不仅会损害全球经济，还会增加军事冲突的可能性。本文重点探讨了中美经济接触与东亚区域经济一体化带来的国家安全利益。政府为保护国家安全、增强供应链韧性而进行的干预是必要的，但其范围应有所限制，以避免对促进增长和遏制战争的复合经济相互依赖关系造成根本性破坏。

The evolution of transnational production in the Asia-Pacific over the past few decades has been a force for peace. Critics of globalization and proponents of US-China economic decoupling advocate policies that would not only harm the global economy but would increase the likelihood of military conflict. This article focuses on the national security benefits of US-China economic engagement and the regional economic integration of East Asia. Government interventions to protect national security and build more resilience in supply chains are needed but should be limited in scope so as to avoid fundamental damage to the complex economic interdependence that has fostered growth and helped to deter war. 

题目：The Evolving Study of Revolution

作者简介：Mark R. Beissinger，普林斯顿大学政治学系教授，研究领域包括社会运动、革命、民族主义、国家建设和帝国主义。

摘要：随着革命实践的发展，革命理论也在不断演变。当前关于革命的文献大多关注争议性过程。但我们需要使用更全面的方法——更好地结合历史，跨越文献中的分歧，思考革命前后的情况，并将革命进程与支撑它们的结构性因素进行相互联系。

As the practice of revolution has evolved, so too have theories of revolution. Much of the current literature on revolutions focuses on contentious processes. But a need exists to take a more holistic approach—one that better incorporates history, thinks across divides in the literature, contemplates what precedes and follows revolution, and places revolutionary processes and the structural factors that underpin them into dialogue with one another. 

题目：The Comparative Politics of Inequality and Redistribution in Liberal Democracies

作者：Jonas Pontusson，日内瓦大学比较政治学教授，研究兴趣包括比较政治经济学、国际政治经济学和资本主义的多样性。

摘要：本文回顾了关于政府为何未能补偿中低收入公民因收入不平等加剧而遭受的损失的辩论，主张采用一种结合需求方和供给方因素的视角，并将政策响应中的收入偏差视为随国家和时间变化的变量。

Reviewing the debate on why governments have failed to compensate low- and middle-income citizens for rising income inequality, this essay argues for a perspective that integrates demand-side and supply-side considerations and treats income bias in policy responsiveness as variable across countries and over time. 

题目：Adaptive Political Economy: Toward a New Paradigm

作者：Yuen Yuen Ang，约翰霍普金斯大学阿尔弗雷德·钱德勒政治经济学教授，研究兴趣包括政治经济学、发展与创新和适应性治理。

摘要：传统政治经济学范式通常将具有生命力、复杂、适应性强的社会系统视为机器般的对象。这种方式导致政治经济学家使用机械模型过度简化庞大复杂的社会进程，或者完全忽略它们。如此，便导致了发展中的理论困境、议程琐碎或公共政策失效。本文提出了一种替代范式：适应性政治经济学。该范式承认社会系统是复杂的，而非繁杂的；复杂性是可以有序的，而非混乱的；社会科学家应该去发展概念、方法和理论，以阐明复杂性的秩序，而非将其过度简化。文章通过绘制经济和制度变革的共同演化过程，展示了适应性政治经济学的一种应用场景。此方法得出了新颖且重要的结论，而这正是机械的线性发展模型所忽略的，例如，建立和维持市场的制度具有不同的表现与功能。

The conventional paradigm in political economy routinely treats living, complex, adaptive social systems as machine-like objects. This treatment has driven political economists to oversimplify big, complex social processes using mechanical models, or to ignore them altogether. In development, this has led to theoretical dead ends, trivial agendas, or failed public policies. This article proposes an alternative paradigm: adaptive political economy. It recognizes that social systems are complex, not complicated; complexity can be ordered, not messy; and social scientists should be developing the concepts, methods, and theories to illuminate the order of complexity, rather than oversimplifying it. The author illustrates one application of adaptive political economy by mapping the coevolution of economic and institutional change. This approach yields fresh, important conclusions that mechanical, linear models of development have missed, including that market-building institutions look and function differently from market-sustaining ones. 

题目：Historical State Formation Within and Beyond Europe

作者：Lisa Blaydes，斯坦福大学政治科学系教授，主要研究领域为比较政治和国际关系；Anna Grzymala-Busse，斯坦福大学政治科学系教授，主要研究领域为国家历史发展与转型、政党、宗教与政治、后共产主义政治、民粹主义、非正式制度。

摘要：国家形成是比较政治学中的一个关键议题。大量具有影响力的文献都聚焦于早期现代欧洲政治分裂的背景下，战争对国家巩固以及代表制度和税收制度发展的促进作用。近年来，学者们通过强调其他形式的竞争、国家间合作与效仿对国家建设的影响，以及交战国统治者之外更广泛社会行为者的影响，拓宽了这一视角。本文回顾了有关国家形成的最新学术成果，这些研究表明，无论是在欧洲还是世界其他地区，传统的“战争—国家”路径仅仅是国家巩固的众多方式之一。本文强调了地理因素的重要性，并引入了对于国家-社会关系的组织形式以及区域和全球经济互动对国家形成影响的新见解。

State formation is a critical concern for comparative politics. Much of the most influential literature has focused on the politically fragmented setting of early modern Europe, where warmaking fostered state consolidation and the development of institutions of representation and taxation. More recently, scholars have expanded this perspective by emphasizing the state-building implications of alternative forms of competition, interstate cooperation, and emulation, as well as the influence of a broader set of societal actors beyond belligerent rulers. The authors review recent scholarship on state formation that suggests that the canonical bellicist path is only one pathway to state consolidation, both in Europe and beyond. This article draws attention to the importance of geography and to new insights regarding the organization of state-society relations and the influence of regional and global economic engagements on state formation.

题目：Government Responses to Climate Change

作者：Evan Lieberman，麻省理工学院政治科学系教授，研究兴趣为发展政治经济学，尤其是撒哈拉以南非洲；Michael Ross，加州大学洛杉矶分校政治学系和环境与可持续发展研究所教授，主要研究领域为气候变化、自然资源、石油出口国、内战、民主和性别权利的政治。

摘要：社会科学家在定义和衡量政府减少温室气体排放的努力时，应当更加审慎。本文强调了气候政策三个维度之间的关键区别：政府所作的承诺、政府采取的行动以及这些行动产生的结果。此外，作者详细阐述了衡量这些维度所面临的挑战，并讨论了不同衡量策略的权衡，包括它们在满足公认的衡量有效性标准方面的表现。作者还指出了进一步研究的前景。

Social scientists should be more deliberate in how they define and measure government efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The authors highlight key distinctions among three dimensions of climate policy: the commitments made by governments, the actions that governments take, and the outcomes they produce. In turn, the authors detail the challenges of measuring these dimensions, and discuss the tradeoffs of alternative measurement strategies, including how well they meet the accepted standards for measurement validity. The authors also identify promising avenues for further research.

题目：International Dimensions of Democratization

作者：Jon C.W. Pevehouse，威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校政治科学与公共事务系教授，主要从事美国外交政策、国际关系理论、国际合作理论以及国际组织研究；Caileigh Glenn，麻省理工学院安全研究项目和哈佛肯尼迪学院国际安全项目博士后，主要研究经济方略与外交政策，并聚焦于经济胁迫的政治影响。

摘要：自20世纪70年代以来，国际因素对民主化进程的影响日益受到学者与政策制定者的关注。学者们指出国际因素可以通过多种机制影响民主的过渡与巩固。尽管这些论点大多强调积极影响，但后冷战时期的乐观情绪已经转变为对国际威权主义来源和民主倒退的担忧。本文构建了一个分析框架，以梳理我们对于国际力量与民主化之间关系的认知，并概述了若干尚待解答的问题。然而当前研究仍面临多项挑战，其中包括如何最佳地评估将国际进程与行为体同民主（及民主化）联系起来的机制；而其他挑战则涉及民主倒退对民主过渡构成的威胁。文章最后呼吁将现有关于国际因素与民主关系的理论框架与当前关于威权主义与民主倒退现象的研究浪潮进行更加深入的整合。

Since the 1970s, international influences on democratization have received increasing attention from scholars and policymakers. Scholars pointed to multiple mechanisms by which international factors could influence the transition to and the consolidation of democracy. While the arguments mostly pointed to positive influences, the optimism of the post–Cold War era have given way to concern about international sources of authoritarianism and democratic backsliding. The authors provide a framework for thinking about what we know about international forces and democratization, outlining several unanswered questions. Several research challenges remain, including how to best assess mechanisms linking international processes and actors to democracy (and democratization); while others concern threats to those democratic transitions via democratic backsliding. The article concludes by calling for more integration of existing theoretical frameworks on international factors and democracy with the current wave of research on authoritarianism and democratic backsliding.

题目：Unleashing a Monster? Causes and Consequences of the Knowledge Economy in Advanced Capitalist Democracies

作者：Torben Iversen，哈佛大学政治经济学教授，主要研究兴趣为比较政治经济学和选举政治。

摘要：过去三十年间，经济不平等与右翼民粹主义的兴起引发了关于民主与发达资本主义关系的热烈讨论。一种主流观点认为，这些问题的根源在于全球资本与富人权力的不断膨胀，其最早体现在20世纪80年代与90年代广泛推行的新自由主义改革中。此观点认为资本主义颠覆了民主；然而本文认为是民主转变了资本主义，正是这一转变为空前的繁荣奠定了基础。但同时它也释放了导致经济与政治不平等加剧的动力，这些力量如今正变得难以逆转。

The rise of economic inequality and right-wing populism in the last three decades has produced a lively debate about the relationship between democracy and advanced capitalism. A prominent view is that the troubles are rooted in the growing power of global capital and the rich, first reflected in the broad sweep of neoliberal reforms in the 1980s and ’90s. This view is a story about capitalism subverting democracy. This piece instead argues that it was democracy that transformed capitalism, and that this transformation laid the foundation for unprecedented prosperity. Yet it also unleashed inequalizing economic and political dynamics that are now proving difficult to reverse. 

题目：THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

作者：Christina L. Davis，哈佛大学政治系教授，研究兴趣包括日本和东亚的政治与外交政策以及国际组织的贸易政策。

摘要：国家间关系的社会背景为国际制度内的合作奠定了基础。与聚焦于理性契约设计和制度功能需求的理论不同，越来越多的学者强调地缘政治的作用。作为权力和社会背景的组成部分，地缘政治塑造了多边合作。本文探讨了将合作视为嵌入国际社会过程的新理论：它强调了在实证分析中纳入关系变量的创新发展，以衡量国家间地缘政治对国际制度设计和有效性的影响。支撑多边合作的关系政治也促使各国建立新的合作平台，从而促进了制度扩散。

The social context of relations between states provides the foundation for cooperation within international institutions. In a departure from theories that focus on rational design of contracts and functional demand for institutions, increasingly scholars emphasize geopolitics. Both as a component of power and social context, geopolitics shapes multilateral cooperation. This article examines theories that bring new perspectives on cooperation as a process embedded within international society. It highlights innovative developments to include relational variables in empirical analysis to measure how geopolitical alignment between states impacts the design and effectiveness of international institutions. The relational politics that undergird multilateral cooperation also contribute to the proliferation of institutions as states build new clubs for cooperation.

题目：CONFLICT: Trajectories and Challenges

作者：Stathis N. Kalyvas，牛津大学政治与国际关系系教授，目前的研究重点是全球政治暴力趋势和希腊历史与政治。

摘要：过去三十年间，冲突研究领域是如何发展的？本文通过提出三个问题来探讨这个问题：我们为什么要研究冲突？我们如何理解冲突？我们如何研究冲突？本文以过去五年间发表在《世界政治》期刊上的文章为例，进行批判性论述。文章最后强调了该领域未来面临的三大关键挑战：一是从理论角度拓宽对冲突的理解；二是发展微观、中观和宏观分析层次之间的概念、理论和实证联系；三是以理论为依据，明确适用于研究结果的范围条件。

How has the field of conflict studies evolved over the past three decades? This essay suggests an answer by posing three questions: Why do we study conflict? What do we understand as conflict? And how do we study conflict? The article proceeds with critical remarks, illustrated with articles that have appeared in World Politics during the past five years. It concludes by highlighting three key challenges for the future evolution of the field: the theoretically driven broadening of our understanding of conflict; the development of conceptual, theoretical, and empirical links between micro, meso, and macro levels of analysis; and a theoretically informed way of specifying the scope conditions that apply to findings. 

题目：Welfare States in Wealthy Democracies

作者：Jane Gingrich，牛津大学社会政策与干预系（DSPI）社会政策教授，格林·坦普尔顿学院高级研究员，研究领域包括比较政治经济学和比较社会政策，特别关注当代福利国家的重组以及制度变革的政治学。

摘要：受到民主制度濒临崩溃以及公共支出对于战后稳定民主关键作用的启发，当代对福利国家的研究与《世界政治》一同始于战后初期。在随后的几十年中，学界将关键问题聚焦于这一时期的常规福利政治——分配政治、政府政策对经济增长的影响，以及社会政策形成自身政治支撑的能力。在当今民主韧性不确定性加剧的时期，我们可能需要回归更为传统的问题：福利国家的强制功能、其维护民主的能力，以及福利政策在维持政治支持方面的不足。

The contemporary study of the welfare state began, along with World Politics, in the immediate postwar era, inspired by the near-collapse of democracy and the crucial role envisaged for public spending in stabilizing it after war. Over the following decades key scholarly questions focused on the normal welfare politics of the era—distributive politics, the effects of government policy on growth, and the capacity of social policies to create their own political constituencies. In a new era of more uncertain democratic resilience, we may need to return to older questions: of the coercive function of the welfare state, of its ability/inability to conserve democracy, and of the weaknesses of welfare policies to maintain political support. 

题目：The Study of Political Conflict and Violence Is Dead… Long Live the Study of Political Conflict and Violence!: Resurrecting and Centering Government-Challenger Interaction

作者：Christian Davenport，密歇根大学政治学教授，主要研究兴趣包括政治冲突与暴力、种族主义以及流行文化。

摘要：过去五十年间，政治冲突与暴力研究取得了巨大进展，但同时由于许多学者仅专注于这一日益庞大的体系中的单个分支，而出现了碎片化现象。本文试图反思学者们所走过的研究路径，并探讨一条有助于重新统一该领域的特定路径。这条路径将为该领域的既往研究提供重要见解，并为学界未来如何着手理解政治冲突与暴力研究提供建议。

The study of political conflict and violence has grown immensely over the past fifty years, but it has also fragmented as many now explore only single branches of the ever-larger tree. This article attempts to reflect on the paths that scholars have taken and discusses one particular path that could help to reunify the field. This path would provide key insights into what has transpired in the field as well as into how scholars should approach trying to understand the study of political conflict and violence moving forward.

编译 | 崔馨月

审校 | 赖永祯

排版 | 郭洪纾