一篇雅思阅读学200+词汇和表达

2024-07-11 20:38 澳大利亚

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William Henry Perkin

The man who invented synthetic dyes

William Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin's curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather's home that solidified the young man's enthusiasm for chemistry.

Curiosity n. 好奇心

Root: Curio-

Word Origin: Latin, curiosus, meaning "careful, diligent"

拓展

Curious adj. 好奇的

inquisitive adj. 好问的

Curiously adv. 好奇地

curiousness n. 好学

Curious mind / inquisitive mind 好奇心

Prompt v. 引起，促使

Root: Prom-

Word Origin: Latin, promptus, meaning "ready, at hand"

拓展

Thank you for your prompt reply. 谢谢你即时的回复。

Promptly adv. 迅速地

He deals with all correspondence promptly. 他迅速处理所有信件。

Run-down adj. 破败的

Functional adj. 运转正常的

Root: Funct-

Word Origin: Latin, functio, meaning "performance, execution"

拓展

Function n. 功能 v. 运转

Mathematical function 数学函数

Laboratory n. 实验室

Root: Laborat-

Word Origin: Latin, laboratorium, meaning "a place for labor or work"

拓展

Laboratory – lab 实验室

computer lab 电脑房

Enthusiasm n. 热情热爱的事物

Root: Enthous

Greek, enthousiasmos, meaning "inspiration, divine possession"

拓展

Enthusiastic adj. 热心的热情的；

enthusiast n. 爱好者

He’s a sports enthusiast. 他是一个体育爱好者。

He’s enthusiastic about sports. 他对体育感兴趣。

Solidify v. （使）便稳固

Root: Solid-

Word Origin: Latin, solidus, meaning "solid, firm"

拓展

Solid n. 固体；adj. 坚硬的固体的；

liquid n. 液体；gas n. 气体

Solo n. 单人表演; adj. 单独的；

soloist n. 独奏者；

Solitary adj. 独自的

He lives a solitary life. 他过着独居生活。

Solitude n. 独居，孤独 fortress of solitude 孤独堡垒

Early interests 早期兴趣

Stumble upon 偶然发现/遇到

Stumble n. 绊倒跌跌撞撞的走

Root: Stumbl-

Word Origin: Old English, stumian, meaning "to trip or stagger"

拓展

同义词 trip v. 绊倒

Move this somewhere else, someone might trip over it.把这个移开，可能会绊倒别人

Stumble into 碰到某个人

I stumbled into him last week. 我上周碰到他了。

Stumble across 偶然碰到

I stumbled across this piece of music in the coffee store.

As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist's enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.

immersed in 沉浸在…之中专注于…

Root: Immerse-

Word Origin: Latin, immergere, meaning "to dip or plunge into"

拓展

He is completely immersed in the task. 他完全沉浸在任务之中。

an immersive experience 一个沉浸式的体验

devotion n. 献身，奉献

Root: Devot-

Word Origin: Latin, devotio, meaning "act of consecrating oneself"

拓展

devote v. 致力于

I need to devote more time to this project. 我需要在这个项目上花更多时间。

dedication n. 献身，奉献

dedicated adj. 专心致志的，献身的;

He’s super dedicated. 他特别敬业。

Perceived adj. 感知到的，v. 感知，领会

Root: Perceiv-

Word Origin: Latin, percipere, meaning "to take in, perceive"

拓展

I perceived a change in his behavior. 我感知到了他行为的变化。

Perception n. 看法，认知

What’s your perception on this? 你的看法是什么？

Perception is reality. 感知即是现实。

eminent adj. 杰出的，明显的，卓越的 rise above others

Root: Emin-

Word Origin: Latin, eminens, meaning "standing out, prominent"

拓展

eminent scientists/scholars 杰出的科学家

eminence n. 卓越著名

Jobs was a man of great eminence. 乔布斯是一个特别卓越的人。

prominent adj. 重要的著名的 important and well-known

Root: Promin-

Word Origin: Latin, prominens, meaning "projecting, prominent"

拓展

prominence n. 重要著名

He came to prominence during the Olympics. 他在奥林匹克运动会里一举成名。

a series of 一连串的

拓展

a series for tests 一系列测验表示有先后顺序的系列

a range of 一个范围的.. 一个系列的

He has collected a range of teacups. 他收集了一系列的茶杯。

an array of 一排，一批, 表示整齐的显眼的

an array of soaps 陈列出来一排排的肥皂

a variety of 各种各样的 a variety of tropical fruits 各种各样的热带水果

At the time of Perkin's enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin's scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann's attention and within two years, he became Hofmann's youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.

At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.

Noted adj. 著名的

Root: Note-

Word Origin: Latin, notare, meaning "to mark, take note of"

拓展

Note v. 指出，注意，特别提到

What is worth noting is… 值得注意的是…

Noteworthy adj. 值得注意的

One's scientific gifts 科学天赋

musical gifts/talents 音乐天赋

Not long after 不久之后

Soon after 很快之后

Fame n. 名气

Word Origin: Latin, fama, meaning "reputation, report"

拓展

famous adj. 出名的

Clearly, fame isn’t everything. Professor Snape

Fortune n. 财富

fortunate adj. 幸运的

Malaria n. 疟疾

Root: Malari-

Word Origin: Italian, mala aria, meaning "bad air"

拓展

Malaria is an endemic disease. 疟疾是一个地方性疾病。

Bark v. 大声嚷，（狗）叫；n. 狗叫声，吼叫声；树皮

Word Origin: Old English, beorc, meaning "bark of a tree"

拓展

Bark at the wrong tree 精力用在不该用的地方; 目标错误

Native adj. 土生土长的，地方的本地的原生的

Root: Nativ-

Word Origin: Latin, nativus, meaning "born, native"

拓展

Native animal 本土的动物

Koala is native to Australia. 考拉是澳大利亚本土的动物。

Native speaker 母语

My native language is mandarin. 我的母语是中文。

Natives 土著居民

cinchona tree 金鸡纳树

Surpass v. 超过胜过优于

Root: Surpass-

Word origin: French, surpasser, meaning "to exceed"

拓展

Exceed v. 超过，超出；超越（限制）；优于，胜过

Exceed expectation 超出预期

You have achieved exceed expectation. 你达到了超越预期。

passing comments 顺便说说随口评论

passing judgements 随口评论

Harry made some passing comments about the event. 哈里对这件事随便说了几句。

Desirability n. 欲求

Root: Desire-

Word Origin: Latin, desiderare, meaning "to long for, desire"

拓展

Social desirability 社会愿望

Desirable adj, 令人向往的

This place has many desirable features. 这个地方有许多令人向往的特色。

synthetic adj. 合成的，人造的 n. 合成物

Root: Synthet-

Word Origin: Greek, synthesis, meaning "to put together, composition"

拓展

synthetic fiber 人造纤维

synthesize v. 合成；综合，结合；

synthesize information 综合信息 ability to synthesize information 综合信息的能力

synthesis n. 综合，综合体；

This is a good synthesis of history. 这是对历史的很好的总结。

synthetic dye 合成染料：通过化学合成方法制得的染料，具有较强的着色力和耐洗涤性

substitute n. 替代品，代替物；（体育比赛中的）替补队员；

Root: Substitute-

Word Origin: Latin, substituere, meaning "to put in place of"

拓展

substitution n. 代替，替换；代替物；

substance n. 物质材料

take up the challenge 接受挑战

表示愿意面对并尝试解决具有挑战性的问题或任务

pupil n. 学生小学生瞳孔

Word Origin: Latin, pupilla, meaning "little girl, doll"

During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family's house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin's scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur's words 'chance favours only the prepared mind’. Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.

coal tar waste product 煤焦油废料

coal n. 煤炭

Word Origin: Old English, col, meaning "charcoal"

tar n. 焦油柏油

best efforts 尽最大努力：尽自己最大的努力去完成某项任务或实现某个目标

Despite your best efforts, this might not work. 尽管你尽了最大的努力，但这可能行不通。

Quinine n. 奎宁, 金鸡纳树皮中提取的生物碱，曾广泛用于疟疾治疗。

Aniline n. 苯胺

Mysterious adj. 不可思议的，神秘的，保密的

Root: Mysteri-

Word Origin: Greek, mysterion, meaning "secret, hidden"

拓展

Mysteriously adv. 神秘地；故弄玄虚地；难以理解地

Sludge n. 烂泥；泥泞；sludges

Potassium n. [化学] 钾

dichromate n. [无化] 重铬酸盐

potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾：一种红橙色结晶状的化合物，化学式为K2Cr2O7，常用于实验室氧化剂、染料和颜料制造以及木材防腐。

Solution n. 解决办法；解答，答案；溶液；

Word Origin: Latin, solutio, meaning "a loosening, solution"

拓展

Solutions n. 产品（或服务）解决方案

Do you have a better solution? 你有更好的解决办法吗？

unexpected find 意料不到的发现

the potential of xx的潜力

Root: Poten-

Word Origin: Latin, potentia, meaning "power, ability"

拓展

The potential of AI 人工职能的潜力

potentially adv. 可能地，潜在地

This is a potentially dangerous situation. 这是一个潜在的危险情况。

Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin's discovery was made.

Textile n. 纺织物，织物；纺织业

Word Origin: Old English, deag, meaning "color, hue"

拓展

textile dyes 纺织染料：用于给纺织品上色的化学物质，使纺织品具有持久的颜色和图案

dyes n. [染料]染料，染色

dye v. 给……染色

excretion n. 排泄，排泄物；分泌，分泌物

Root: Excret-

Word Origin: Latin, excretio, meaning "a sifting out, discharge"

glandular adj. 腺的，腺状的

Root: Glandul-

Word Origin: Latin, glandula, meaning "little acorn, gland"

mucus n. 粘液；黏液

Word Origin: Latin, mucus, meaning "slime, mucus"

obtain v. （尤指通过艰难的过程）得到，获得

Root: Obt-

Word Origin: Latin, obtinere, meaning "to take hold of, acquire"

outrageous adj. 骇人的，无法容忍的；令人惊讶的；极其夸张的

Root: Outrage-

Word Origin: Middle English, from the Old French outrage, from outré, meaning "excessive, beyond"

拓展

outrageously adv. 凶残地，残暴地

outrage n. 愤慨，愤怒；骇人听闻的事

muddy adj. 泥泞的，浑浊的；灰暗的，暗淡的；像泥土般的

Root: Mud-

Word Origin: Old English, mudde, meaning "soft, slimy earth"

拓展

muddy water 浑浊的水

hue n. 颜色，色调，色度

Word Origin: Middle English, hewe, meaning "color, appearance"

拓展

the dominant hue 主色调

fade v. 逐渐消失；（使）褪色 n. 淡入；褪色，变暗；adj. 乏味的

Word Origin: Middle English, faden, meaning "to lose brightness, vanish"

拓展

fade away 慢慢褪去 ; 褪色 ; 消逝 ; 逐渐凋谢

backdrop n. （舞台的）背景幕布；周围景物；（事件的）背景

Root: Back-

Word Origin: Middle English, bak, meaning "back, behind"

拓展

against the backdrop of 在......背景下：表示在某种特定背景、环境或情境下

Their love affair was played out against the backdrop of war. 他们在战争的背景下发生恋情。

Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world's first synthetic dye.

Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. but perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin's reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.

Grasp v. 抓牢，握紧；理解，领会；

Word Origin: Old English, græsp, meaning "to seize, hold"

拓展

Grasp of knowledge 领会知识

He has a good grasp of the domain. 他对这个领域掌握得很好。

breakthrough n. 突破，重大进展

Root: Break-

Word Origin: Old English, brecan, meaning "to break" + through

拓展

This is a major breakthrough. 这是一个重大突破。

patent n. 专利，专利证书；专利发明

Word Origin: Middle English, patent, meaning "open, evident"

拓展

The device was protected by patent. 这一装置受专利保护。

fascinating adj. 极有吸引力的，迷人的v. 深深吸引，迷住

Root: Fascinat-

Word Origin: Latin, fascinare, meaning "to bewitch, enchant"

拓展

I find this extremely fascinating. 我觉得这非常有趣。

instant recognition 即时的赞誉

Instant adj. 立刻的，马上的；

Word Origin: Latin, instans, meaning "standing near, present"

Recognition n. 承认，接受；表彰，赞誉；认出，识别；

Root: Recognit-

Word Origin: Latin, recognitio, meaning "recognition, acknowledgment"

commercial possibilities 商业机会

Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.

Tyrian Purple 提洛紫

Mauve n. 淡紫色；苯胺紫；

拓展

Violet n. 紫罗兰，蓝紫色，紫罗兰色

Scottish adj. 苏格兰（人）的，苏格兰语的 n. 苏格兰人，苏格兰语

Root: Scot-

Word Origin: Old English, Scottas, meaning "the Scots"

拓展

Scotland n. 苏格兰

fierce objections 激烈的反对

objections n. 反对，异议（objection 的复数形式）；反对意见

Root: Object-

Word Origin: Latin, obicere, meaning "to throw against, oppose"

拓展

Are there any objections? 有没有反对意见？

Object n. 物体，实物；目的，目标；宾语；客体；v. 反对；

I object 我反对

Objective adj.客观的；目标的；宾格的

I try to objective. 我尝试客观一点

objectively adv.客观地

It’s hard to look at it objectively. 很难客观地看待它。

objective n.目的；目标；[光] 物镜；宾格

What’s the main objectives of this project? 这个项目的主要目标是什么？

objectivity n.客观；客观性

objectiveness n. 客观性

mentor n. 导师，指导者 v. 给予培训

词根 "ment" 来自拉丁文"mēns"，意思是"mind" or "intellect."

mentoring n. 职业辅导制度；指导

All projects need mentoring support. 所有的项目都需要指导者的支持。

With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London's gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world's first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new color flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England's Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.

Plentiful adj. 丰富的，众多的

Root: Plent-

Word Origin: Middle English, plentevous, meaning "abundant, ample"

拓展

Plenty n. 富裕，充裕 plenty of time 充足的时间

We’ve got plenty of time. 用不着太急促 ; 我们的时间很多.

commercial boost 商业促进

boost v. 使增长，推动；n. 推动，促进；广告，宣扬

拓展

Thanks for the boost of confidence. 谢谢你给了我信心。

Commercial adj. 商业的，商务的；商业化的n. 电视广告，电台广告

Root: Commerc-

Word Origin: Latin, commercium, meaning "trade, business"

拓展

Commercially adv. 商业上，从商业角度看；

Commerce n. 贸易，商业；

Faculty of commerce 商学院

Commerce Department 商务部

E-commerce 电子商务

Byproduct n. 副产品

a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence; a product made during the manufacture of something else

Root: By-

Word Origin: Old English, bī, meaning "secondary, beside" + product

clamoured v. 吵闹；强烈要求，大声地要求；

Root: Clamor-

Word Origin: Latin, clamor, meaning "shout, outcry"

拓展

The children clamored for attention. 孩子们为了引起注意而大声喧哗。

Clamour n. 喧闹，吵闹声；（民众的）强烈要求

Root: Clamor-

Word Origin: Latin, clamor, meaning "shout, outcry"

拓展

Clamorous adj. 吵闹的；大声要求的

Outcry n. 强烈抗议；大声疾呼；尖叫；倒彩

Public outcry 舆论哗然 ; 公众呼吁 ; 激起公愤

There was a public outcry/clamour. 舆论哗然。

drawing board 绘图板

We need to go back to the drawing board. 我们得从头再来。

bold adj. 大胆自信的，敢于冒险的；明显的，粗体的

Word Origin: Old English, beald, meaning "courageous, confident"

拓展

That was a bold move. 这是一个大胆的举动。

Empress n. 皇后，女皇

Root: Emper-

Word Origin: Latin, imperatrix, feminine form of imperator, meaning "emperor"

拓展

Emperor n. 皇帝；

Not to be outdone 不甘示弱：表示不想被别人超过，努力做得更好

Not to be outdone, he fought back. 他不甘示弱回敬她说。

flatter v. 奉承，讨好；使高兴，使感到荣幸；

Word Origin: Middle English, flateren, meaning "to stroke, caress, flatter"

拓展

Flattering adj. 奉承的；谄媚的

Thanks for your flattering me 多谢你的夸奖

You're flattering me! 你过奖了！

Flattery n. 奉承，讨好

Flattery has turned his head. 奉承已使他头脑发昏。

Although Perkin's fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin's green. It is important to note that Perkin's synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to slain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.