原文信息：
A reactive power market for the future grid
原文链接：
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792422000324
Highlights
• Existing reactive power compensation is ineffective for DERs.
• Proposed reactive power market for DERs uses distributed unbalanced OPF.
• A case study of New England is conducted with aggressive adoption of DERs.
• DER power factor flexibility is utilized to meet demand and improve voltage.
• Proposed market has limited volatility and provides reliable revenue.
Abstract
As pressures to decarbonize the electricity grid increase, the grid edge is witnessing a rapid adoption of distributed and renewable generation. As a result, traditional methods for reactive power management and compensation may become ineffective. Current state-of-art for reactive power compensation, which rely primarily on capacity payments, exclude distributed generation (DG). We propose an alternative: a reactive power market at the distribution level designed to meet the needs of decentralized and decarbonized grids. The proposed market uses variable payments to compensate DGs equipped with smart inverters, at an increased spatial and temporal granularity, through a distribution-level Locational Marginal Price (d-LMP). We validate our proposed market with a case study of the US New England grid on a modified IEEE-123 bus, while varying DG penetration from 5% to 160%. Results show that our market can accommodate such a large penetration, with stable reactive power revenue streams. The market can leverage the considerable flexibility afforded by inverter-based resources to meet over 40% of reactive power load when operating in a power factor range of 0.6 to 1.0. DGs participating in the market can earn up to 11% of their total revenue from reactive power payments. Finally, the corresponding daily d-LMPs determined from the proposed market were observed to exhibit limited volatility.
Keywords
Reactive power
Power distribution economics
Distribution level market
Optimal power flow
Inverter based resources
Power factor
Distributed optimization
Graphics
Fig. 1. Balancing reactive power in an electric grid is necessary to stabilize voltage and ensure power transfer. As grids decentralize, DERs can be utilized to provide reactive power support throughout the distribution system, with more flexible power factors and distributed control units. They can replace traditional reactive power suppliers, which are limited in PF and expensive to operate. However, to provide reactive power DERs must be incentivized to do so.
Fig. 3. The proposed retail market structure is outlined here. The DSO oversees the market operation. Using wholesale LMPs at the distribution grid feeder and other grid information, the market simultaneously clears locational prices for real and reactive power. Price negotiations occur between resource owners using the PAC algorithm.
Fig. 5. With a high DG penetration of 160%, DGs nearly saturate the grid in the middle of the day. At the same time, DGs cover more than half of the reactive power load; much of the remaining load is covered by capacitor banks.
Fig. 8. The daily prices of reactive power vary spatially across nodes and temporally over a week, but maintain the same order of magnitude. Prices remain relatively consistent, creating a stable and reliable revenue stream for DGs.
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