原文信息：
Electrification of multi-energy hubs under limited electricity supply: De-/centralized investment and operation for cost-effective greenhouse gas mitigation
原文链接：
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792422000014
Highlights
• Decarbonization via electrification is effective, economic, advisable, challenging.
• Limited centralized electricity alters optimal design of new de-/centralized assets.
• Multi-objective MILP finds pareto-optimal V2G EVs and mix of converters, storages.
• Full year hourly resolution allows for detailed grid and asset operational analysis.
• Cost and emission breakdown reveal dominance of embodied emission and upfront cost.
Abstract
Electrification of residential's heating and private mobility is often seen as a cure-all solution to the sector's immense greenhouse gas (GHG) emission problem. However, the necessary supply of affordable, secure, and sustainable centralized electricity is commonly assumed unlimited in related planning efforts. Hence, it remains unclear how beneficial electrification is under limited supply. Therefore, we investigate how jointly planned de-/centralized asset upgrades and Vehicle-2-Home enabled electric vehicles can overcome such limitations exemplarily for five residential building types in Switzerland. Thereto, the proposed, novel optimizations of Multi-energy Systems based on the Energy Hub concept, which extend the classical decentralized Energy Hub perspective to include investments into centralized assets, simultaneously select, design, and operate such assets and vehicles to minimize lifecycle-emissions and -costs while covering thermal, electrical and mobility demands under scenarios of A) unlimited, B) three partially limited, and C) no (stand-alone) centralized electricity. The optimizations prove the centralized supply limitations to be crucial, as achievable CO2eq mitigations halve on average from A) >60% over B) 45% to only C) 30%. Further, a substantially altered and wide mix of assets is optimal to overcome the identified sole supply bottleneck of electrical energy scarcity during winter. Transitioning from low-cost to low-emission solutions, natural gas based centralized gas turbines and decentralized combined heat and power plants (CHPPs) combined with air-source heat pumps are displaced by biogas CHPPs, ground source heat pumps and centralized photovoltaics, while local photovoltaics and Vehicle-2-Home usage are constants. Surprisingly, all partially limited scenarios including nuclear phase-out and additional cross-border electricity trade stops yield similar results, which enable emission mitigations of 50% over the non-electrified reference without additional annualized cost. Stronger emission mitigation proves prohibitively costly. Overall, considering limited supply avoids overestimation of achievable emission mitigation, underestimation of total costs as well as identification of too simplistic asset portfolios.
Keywords
Energy hub
Electric mobility
Multi-objective optimization
Energy trilemma
Energy dependence
Graphics
Fig. 1. System overview of residential energy supply system with centralized electricity supply systems on the left and decentralized systems on the right. Dashed outline includes all optimized assets and energy flows. The existing Trad. Grid is only optimized for operation.
Fig. 2. Power (left) and energy (right) limitations per capita (left y-axis) and for Switzerland (right y-axis) on the supply of centralized electricity in the partially limited supply scenarios: std, nN, nNnE.
Fig. 3. Stationary and mobile energy demand variation over time for the five investigated building types per capita (left y-axes) and extrapolated national values for Switzerland (right y-axes).Values in the legend indicate annual demands. Stationary Demands for Dwe 4 , avg and Dwe 4 , sum naturally overlap perfectly. Underlying hourly-resolved demand profiles are summed on a weekly basis for better readability in plots (a) and (c).
关于Applied Energy
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