第六章 情态动词
一.概念:
情态动词是表示能力,义务,必须,猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1.can
1)表能力
can 表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有 4 岁,但已认得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。
因为 can 不能和其他助动词连用,所以表示将来式时用 will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。
2)表可能性
多用于否定与疑问结构中,但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗?
It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思?
can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性(一时的可能)。
45A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.
Attending the ball can be very exciting.
The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。
The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。
3)表示允许(和 may 意思相近)常见于口语。
Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗?
Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗?
2.could 的用法
1)表过去的可能和许可,(多用于间接引语中)
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
2)表过去的能力
I could swim when I was only six.
我刚六岁就能游泳。
Could 在肯定句中表示过去的能力时,常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.
他小时候会是很顽皮的。
3)表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法
Could I use your bike?
46Yes, you can.
他会记得那时吗?
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.
恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.
老师说你可以去商店买糖。
3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。 could 加完成式还用于
肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。
Can they have won the basketball match?
他们赢了那场篮球赛吗?
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。
You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本来能早点完成任务的。(但事实上并没有提前完成任务)
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本可以轻易通过考试,但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。
如表具体做某一件事的能力时,则须用 be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。
Can 表示一贯的能力 ,be able to 表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力
I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
47When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3.may 的用法
1)表示请求、可以、允许。
You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。
2)当回答由 may 引起的问题时,否定答语要用 must not,表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”。
May I come in?
Yes, you may.
No,you can’t
No, you may not .
No ,you mustn’t
No ,you’d better not.
3) may /might 推测性用法 可能
He may be right.
He may not come today (可能不)
He may /might come tomorrow.
, 注意: 1 只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。
2 might 比 may 可能性更小
He might get a job.
He may get a job.
3 may no 可能不 can not 不可能
He may not come
He can’t come
483)表建议(可和 as well 连用)
You may(might)as well stay where you are.
你还是原地待着好。(may as well 有“还是……的好”的含义)
4)表祝愿
May you be happy!
might
1)表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。
She said that he might take her dictionary.
她说他可以拿她的词典去用。
除在间接引语中外,might 一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”。表过去的“可能”可用 could,表过去
的“许可”可用 were (was) allowed to。
2)表现在的“可能”,其可能性要比 may 小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
电熨斗会有危险,它可能电着人。
3)may (might) + have +done 表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。
It may have been true. 这事也许是真的。
He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解决那个问题。
4.must 的主要用法。
1)表示必须、必要
We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。
Why must you always bother me? 为什么你偏要打扰我呢。
2)must be + 表语的结构,通常表示猜测,含有“一定”之意。(只用在肯定句中)
49He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩。
This must be your room. 这一定是你的房间。
3)must 的否定式有两个:当回答由 must 引起的问题时,否定答复要用 needn’t 或 don’t have to 表
示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时,就用 must
not。
Must I go tomorrow?明天我必须去吗?
Yes, please.是的,请吧!
No , you needn’t. 不,你不必去。
4)must +have +过去分词的结构,常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“一定”、“准是”
的意思。否定和疑问句用 can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。
5.have to 的含义与 must 是很接近的,只是 have to 比较强调客观需要,must 着重说明主观看法。
I must clean the room.(主观想法)
I have to clean the room.(客观需要)
另外,have to 能用于更多时态:
We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.
这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。
have to 的否定式:don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
6.ought to 的用法
Ought to 后接动词原形,表义务,但不及 must 那样具有信心,如:
You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.
50你气色不好,应该去看病。
Ought to 用于否定句,其否定形式可缩略为 oughtn’t ,如:
You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
也可以用于疑问句,如:
Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗?
Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变,如:
He said you ought to tell the police.
他说你应该去报告警察。
7.shall 的用法
1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见,如:
What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢?
Shall we dance? 我们跳舞好吗?
2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺,警告,命令,威胁(现已少见),如:
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。
情态动词 should 一般不应被认为是情态动词 shall 的过去式,主要用法有:
1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿,但语气较委婉温和,如:
What should we do now? 我们现在该怎么办?
2)表示应该、必须,常与 must 换用。例如:
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我们应当至少掌握一门外语。
3)“should+be+表语”的结构,表示推测或惊奇。例如:
5152
They should be back by now. 他们现在应该回来了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。
4)“should+have+过去分词”的结构,表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为;其否定则表示发生了
不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意,语气较
强。例如:
I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。(但没想到)
They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。(但已走了)
5) 在“It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”句型中,
主语从句中的谓语动词要用 should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思。
在les(t 以免)、for fear (that) (以防)、in case(以备万一)等之后也要用should+动词原形;在 advise, sugest,
order, demand, request 等的从句中 should+do”例如:
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.
有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.
我们马上走吧,以免赶不上火车。
8..will 和 would 的用法
1)表示意志,决心或愿望。例如:
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。
He would not let me try it .
他不肯让我去试。
2)will 表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性,would 表示过去的习惯行为。53
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。
He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
他在北京时,常来看望我。
3)用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中,表示对对方的请求,would 的语气比 will 委碗
Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 请问到火车站怎么走?
4)表可能性
This will be the book you are looking for.
这可能就是你要找的书。
She eould be about 60 when she died.
他死时大概 60 岁。
9. need 和 dare 的用法
情态动词 need
实义动词 need
现
You need (not) do
You (don’t) need to do
在
时
He need (not) do
He needs (doesn’t need) to do
过
You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
时
He needed (didn’t need) to do
将
You need (not) do
You will (not) need to do54
来
时
He need (not) do
He will (not) need to do
句型
时态
动词
情态动词 dare
实义动词 dare
肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用
dare/dares to do
过去时 dare to 少用
dared to do
否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do
do/does not dare (to) do
过去时 dared not do
did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现在时 Dare he do?
Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
过去时 Dared he do?
Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为“本没必要…”。例如:
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today
10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句
He must/may be in the room, isn’t he?
He can’t be in the room, is he?
He must have finished the work, hasn’t he?
He may have done the work last night, didn’t he?
:情态动词+行为动词进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进
行。例如:
1)He must be playing basketball in the room.2)She may be staying at home.
11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论过去某动
作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:
1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing 和 be used to +v
(1)used to +v 意为“过去常常”,“过去一直”;be used to +v-ing / n(名词)意为“习惯于”;be
used to +v 意为“被用来(做某事)”。
(2)used to 只表示过去,而 be used to +v-ing / n 可表示现在、过去或将来。例如:
1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.
2)He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3)The knife is used to cut bread.
13.用作情态动词的其他短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not
but, may (just) as well 等可用作情态动词。例如:
1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3)I’d rather walk than take a bus.
4)If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注:这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon
后可跟 that 引导的从句,that 常省去,从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设
5556
用过去完成时。例如:
1)I would rather you came on Sunday.
2)I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.
三. 巩固练习:
1. _____ you ready?
(A)
Are (B) Have
(C) Will
(D) Can
2. ____ here early?
(A)
Will he
(B) Was he (C) Did he be (D) Were he
3.
I ___ happy about the price of eggs.
(A) am't (B) am not (C) do not
(D) won’t
4.
Since last year I____ him only once.
(A)
have seen (B) have been seeing (C)
see (D) was seeing
5.
Donald ___ sixteen tomorrow.
(A)
is being (B) going to be (C)
shall be (D) will be
6.
I ___ the story at all.
(A) don't like
(B) like (C)
am fond of
(D) would like
7.
I would rather ___ than play now.
(A) to study
(B)am studying
(C)
study
(D) studied
8. I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.
(A) do (B) didn't do
(C)
don't
(D) didn't
9. The car___much money.
(A)
not cost (B) not have cost (C)
isn't cost(D) didn't cost57
10. I ___ like to eat fish.
(A) am (B) have (C) do (D) be
11. ___ repeat the question?
(A)
Shall I
(B) Will I (C)Would you like that I (D) Do you want that I
12.
My teacher knows more than ___.
(A)
my uncle knows (B) my uncle does
(C)
they know
(D)they don't know
13.
He___to meet us at the station, but didn't see us.
(A)
did go (B) did went (C) goes (D) had
14.
Not only ____us light.
(A)
does the sun give (B) the sun gives
(C) gives the sun
(D) the sun does give
15.
____ you tell me what has happened?
(A) May
(B) Must (C) Can (D) Could
16.
Anne___tomorrow.
(A) can sing (B) can to sing (C) is going sing (D) going to sing
17.
You___hand it in at once, you may hand it in tomorrow.
(A)
needn't (B) may not (C) can't (D) must not
18.
Tell the boy that he ___ in the river.
(A) swims (B) swim (C) swimming (D) to swim
19.
Joan___play on Saturday.
(A) going to (B) can (C) is going (D) can to58
20.
Susan and I can go to the lecture ___.
(A) but neither can Charles (B) and so Charies can
(C)
but Charles can't
(D) and Charles also can
四.答案
1.
(A)
2,
(B)
3.
(B)
4.
(A)
5,
(D)
6,
(A)
7.
(C)
8.
(B)
9.
(9) 10, (C)
11.
(A)
12.
(B)
13.
(A)
14.
(A)
15.
(D)
16.
(A)
17.
(A)
18.
(B)
19. (B) 20, (C)
第七章 动词不定式
一.相关知识点精讲:
1. 不定式作补语
1) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive 驱使
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
like/love
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
例如;
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如 make,have,get,want 等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达
主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)
有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是 be,不定式一般可以省去。例如:59
consider
find
believe
think
declare ( 声
称)
appoint
guess
fancy(设想) guess
judge
imagine
know
例如:
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(to be 不能省去)
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing
C. to have invented
D. having invented
答案:C. 一般没有 consider+宾语+be 以外不定式的结构,也没有 consider+宾语+doing 的结构,排除 A、
B、D。consider 用动词 be 以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选 C。
3)
有些动词可以跟 there +to be 的结构。例如:
believe
expect
intend
like
love
mean
prefer
want
wish
understand
例如:
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2. 不定式作主语
不定式作主语,往往用 it 作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必
要的。60
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私
了。
但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用 It is… to…的句型。另外,这样的句子,
不能用动名词作表语。
3. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用 for 或 of 的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如 easy, hard, difficult,
interesting, impossible 等:例如:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb 句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如 good, kind,
nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
用 for 还是用 of 的另一种辨别方法:
用介词 for 或 of 后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用
of,不通则用 for。例如:
You are nice. (通顺,所以应用 of)。
He is hard.
(非所表达的意思,不通,因此用 for。)
4. 不定式作表语
不定式可放在 be 动词后面,形成表语。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。61
5. 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。例如:
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
6. 不定式作状语
1)目的状语
常用结构为 to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…
(如此…以便…)。例如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.用作介词的 to
to 可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的 to 都用作介词:
admit to
object to
be accustomed be used to
stick to
turn to 开始62
to
look forward
to
be devoted
to
pay attention to contribute
to
apologize
to
devote oneself
to
8. 省去 to 的动词不定式
1) 情态动词 ( 除 ought 外) 后。
2) 使役动词 let, have, make 后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to,
smell, feel, find 等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去 to。例如:
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
3) would rather,had better 句型后
4) Why… / why no…句型后
5) help 后可带 to,也可不带 to, help sb (to) do sth:
6) but 和 except 后。but 前是实义动词 do 时,后面出现的不定式不带 to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7) 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式,第二个 to 可以省去:
8) 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think 等词后作宾补时,可以省去 to be。例如:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
9.动词不定式的否定式63
在不定式标志 to 前加上 not。例如:
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
10.不定式的特殊句型 too…to…
1)too…to
太…以至于…。例如:
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2) 如在 too 前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为"不
太"。例如:
It's never too late to mend.
改过不嫌晚。(谚语)
3) 当 too 前面有 only, all, but 时,意思是:非常… 等于 very。例如:
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
11. 不定式的特殊句型 so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是 so as not to do。例如:
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉
他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2) 表示结果。例如:
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。12. 不定式的特殊句型 Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:"为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"。例如:
Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
13.不定式的时态和语态
1) 一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后,例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如:
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉,给你添了那么多的麻烦。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3) 进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如:
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。
4) 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如:
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有
好几年了。
14. 动名词与不定式
1)动名词与不定式的区别:
动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2)有些动词如 continue 接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义基本相同。
3)有些动词如 continue 接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义大相径庭。常见的,下
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