八章 分词
分词
一.概念:
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式
二.相关知识点精讲:
1.现在分词的用法：
1) 做表语：
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2) 作定语：
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语, 修饰一个名词：
That must have been a terrifying experience.
I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句：
There are a few boys swimming in the river.
There is a car waiting outside.
3) 作状语：
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作：
Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.现在分词短语还可以表示原因, 相当于一个原因状语从句：
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
Being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间, 相当于一个时间状语从句：
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Returning home, he began to do his homework.
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
Be careful when crossing the road.
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
Having finished her work, she went home.
4)作宾补：
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语：
例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.
I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
She kept him working all day.
2.过去分词的用法：
1) 作表语：
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
They were very pleased with the girl.
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I’m satisfied with your answer.
He is not interested in research.
2) 作定语：
She has a pleased look on her face.
The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
cooked food
a written report
fried eggs
boiled water
frozen food
armed forces
required courses
fallen leaves
finished products
a forced smile
the risen sun
new arrived visitors
What’s the language spoken in that country?
They’re problem left over by history.
The play put on by the teachers was a big success.
Is there anybody injured?
Do you know the number of books ordered?
3)作状语：
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
They came in, followed by some children.
Depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
When treated with kindness, he was very amiable.68
4)作宾补：
过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语， 接在某些动词后面
I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
When they get back home, they found the room robbed.
三.巩固练习
1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go.
A. Having compared
B. To compare
C. Compared
D. Compare
（
） 2. The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________ .
A. playing, exciting
B. played, excited
C. playing, excited
D. played, exciting
（
） 3.
__________ against the coming hurricane, they dared not leave home.
A. Warned
B. Having warned
C. To warn
D. Warn
（
） 4. In __________ countries, you can’t always make yourself _______ by speaking
English.
A. English-speaking, understand
B. English-spoken, understand
C. English-speaking, understood
D. English-speaking, understood
（
）5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a
bad cold.
A. examining, should catch
B. examined, had caught
C. examining, had caught
D. examined, catch69
（
） 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it.
A. Be a good swimmer
B. Being a good swimmer
C. Having been good swimmer
D. To be a good swimmer
（
） 7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary.
A. Having not known
B. Not to know
C. Don’t know
D. Not knowing
（
） 8. As his parent, you shouldn’t have your child ___________ such a book.
A. read
B. to read
C. reading
D. be reading
（
） 9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill.
A. heard
B. having been heard
C. having phoned
D. having been phoned
四.答案:
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. D
第九章
动名词
一. 概念
动名词由动词原形+ING 构成,是一种非谓语动词形式
二. 相关知识点精讲:
1.作主语。例如：
Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。
2.作宾语70
a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：
admit 承认
appreciate 感
激
avoid 避免
complete 完成
consider 认
为
delay 耽误
deny 否认
detest 讨厌
endure
忍
受
enjoy 喜欢
escape
逃
脱
fancy 想象
finish 完成
imagine 想象
mind 介意
miss 想念
postpone 推
迟
practice 训
练
recall 回忆
resent 讨厌
resume
继
续
resist 抵抗
risk 冒险
suggest 建
议
face 面对
include 包括
stand 忍受
understand 理
解
forgive 宽恕 keep 继续
例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的
厄运。
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：
admit to
prefer…to
be used to
lead to
devote
oneself to
object to
stick to
no good
no use
be fond of
look forward
to
be proud of
be busy
can't help
be tired of
be capable
of
be afraid of
think of
burst out
keep on
insist on
count on
set about71
put off
be good at
take up
give up
be successful
in
3.作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如：
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩
子。
比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4.作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：
a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：
boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手
扶拖拉机
三.巩固练习
1.
I was ______ work last week, but I changed my mind.
a. to start
b. to have started
c. to be starting
d. to have been starting
2.
I intended ______ the matter with you, but I had some guests hen.
a. discuss
b. discussing
c. having discussed
d. to have discussed
3.
Don’t let me catch you ______.
a. do that again
b. to do that again
c. doing that again
d. done that again
4.
There are many kinds of metals ______.
a.
each has its special properties
b. one has its special properties72
c.each having its special properties d. having its special properties
5.
It’s pay-day, and they’re waiting ______.
a. for paying
b. to be paid
c. to be paying
d. to have paid
6.
_______ trouble, I’m going to forget the whole affair.
a. Then rather cause
b. Rather causing
c. Rather than cause
d. Rather than caused
7.
The brilliance of his satires was ______ make even his victims laugh.
a. so as to
b. such as to
c. so that
d. such that
8.
Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined ______ high
levels of self-confidence.
a. possess
b. have possessed
c. to possess
d. possessing
9.
The worker is ______ in repairing the machine to notice my coming.
a. too busy
b. enough busy
c. busy too
d. busy enough
10.
“What did you do in the garden?”
“I watched my father ______ his motorbike.”
a. to repair
b. repaired
c. repairing
d. repairs
四.答案
BDCCBCBCAC
第 10 章 形容词和副词
一. 概念
形容词是用来修饰,描述名词或代词的词,主要用作定语,表语和补足语等.副词是用来修饰动词,形容词,其化副词,介词短语或全句的词.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.形容词及其用法
1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作
定语、表语和补语。例如：hot。
2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。
大多数以 a 开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing 为字尾的词语时，要放在
这些词之后。例如：something nice.
2.以-ly 结尾的形容词
1）大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，
仍为形容词。
改错： （错） She sang lovely.
（错） He spoke to me very friendly.
（对） Her singing was lovely.
（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early 等。例如：
The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。
The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期。
3.用形容词表示类别和整体
1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如 the dead，the living，the rich，
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the poor，the blind，the hungry 等。例如：
The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。
2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如 the British，the
English，the French，the Chinese 等。例如：
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。
4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--出
处--材料性质--类别--名词。例如：
a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical
school/ an expensive Japanese sports car
2） One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案 A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+
国家+名词。
3） ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny
B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few
D. few sunny last
5.副词的位置
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在 be 动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副词 well，badly，hard 等只放在句尾。例如：
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
6.副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用 and 或 but 等连词连接。例如：
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些，仔细一些
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词 very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：（错） I very like English.
（对） I like English very much.
注意：副词 enough 要放在形容词的后面，形容词 enough 放在名词前后都可。例如：
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
7.兼有两种形式的副词
1） close 与 closely
close 意思是"近"；closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如：
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。
Watch him closely. 盯着他。
2） late 与 lately
75late 意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"。例如：
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗？
3） deep 与 deeply
deep 意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply 时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。例如：
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。
4） high 与 highly
high 表示空间高度；highly 表示程度，相当于 much。例如：
The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5） wide 与 widely
wide 表示空间宽度；widely 意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"。例如：
He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。
6） free 与 freely
free 的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放。
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。
8. 形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示
事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
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1） 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est 来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le
结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节
词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改 y
为 i，再加-er，-est
busy
busier
busiest
少数以-er,-ow 结尾的双音节词未尾加
-er,-est
clever/narrow
cleverer/ narrower
cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加
more，most 来构成比较级和最高级
important/
easily
more
important/
more easily
most important/ most
easily
2） 不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good
better
best
well（健康的）
worse
worst
bad
ill（有病的）
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest78
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
9.as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用 so… as。例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2）当 as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例
如：
This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在 as 的前面。例如：
This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
4）倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
10. 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如：
You are taller than I. 你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意：1）要避免重复使用比较级。
（错） He is more cleverer than his brother.
（对） He is more clever than his brother.
（对） He is clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
（错） China is larger than any country in Asia.
（对） China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
11.可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等。
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词（除 by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
12. many, old 和 far
1） 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。
2） old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和 elder/eldest。elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的
79长幼关系。例如：
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3） far 有两种比较级，farther，further。一般 father 表示距离，further 表示进一步。例如：
I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
13. the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词 most 前面没有 the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。例如：
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。
注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
（错） Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
（对） Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意：
a. very 可修饰最高级，但位置与 much 不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如：
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如：
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Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4） "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如：
Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了。
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
14. 和 more 有关的词组，
1） the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，进步越大。
2） more B than A=less A than B
与其说 A 不如说 B。例如：
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时，与
其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3） no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多。例如：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
no less… than… 与……一样……。例如：
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。
4） more than 不只是，非常。例如：
She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。
三.巩固练习
1. The modern machine proved ______ in heart surgery.
a. high valuable
b. highly valuable
c. valuable high
d. valuable highly
2. Mr. Johnson and his ______ daughter do not always understand each other.82
a. older
b. the oldest
c. eldest
d. the eldest
3. They ______ thought that the truth would be finally discovered.
a. little
b. not
c. small
d. bit
4. They hardly believe that the apartment which costs them $ 4,000 is ______.
a. so small
b. such little
c. so little
d. such small
5. If a claim is kept ______, it is more likely to be recognized.
a. live
b. lived
c. alive
d. living
6. On his way to school he met ______, so he sent him to hospital.
a. very ill man
b. much sick man
c. serious ill man
d. very sick man
7. She was operated a month ago but now she was ______.
a. very good
b. very well
c. healthy
d. good conditioned
8. What I would do is to go ______.
a. really quietly somewhere
b. somewhere quietly really
c. really quiet somewhere
d. somewhere really quiet
9. The chairman asked ______ to write their questions on a piece of paper and send them to the
front.
a. the present members
b. the members presently
c. the members present
d. the presently members
10. The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid ______ he asked.
a. three times much as
b. three times as many as
c. as three times much as d. three times as much as
11.
The trousers are ______, but Tom does not care a bit.83
a. too a little small
b. a little too small
c. a too little small
d. a small too little
12.
She wore a dress to the party that was far more attractive than ______.
a. other girls
b. that of other girls
c. the other girls
d. those of other girls
13.
he can play tennis better than ______ in the class.
a. any boys
b. any other boy
c. any boy
d. any other
14.
Kasia is taking her ______ tour of the shops in search of bargains.
a. daily
b. day
c. day time
d. night
15.
______ the child expresses his interest in an activity, the stronger it will become.
a. The more frequent
b. The frequenter
c. The more frequently
d. the frequentlier
16.
We’d better wait _______ , Peter and Tom will come very soon.
a. a little longer
b. more longer
c. long
d. as longer
17.
although the medicine tastes ______, it seems to help my condition.
a. bad
b. badly
c. too much bad
d. too badly
18.
When she got her first month salary, Diana bought herself ______ dress.
a. a cotton , blue …expensive
b. an expensive … blue, cotton
c. a blue, expensive … cotton
d. a cotton, expensive… blue
19.
The doctors have tried ______ to save the life of the wounded soldier.
a. everything possible humanly
b. humanly everything possible
c. everything humanly possible
d. humanly possible everything
20.
I was worried very much because I’ll miss my flight if the bus arrives ______.
a. lately
b. late
c. latter
d. more later
四.答案BCAACDBDCDBDBACAACCB
第 11 章 代词
一.概念:
代词是代替名词的词, 按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身
代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。
二.相关知识点精讲
1.人称代词
1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。
2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：
I like table tennis. （作主语）
Do you know him?（作宾语）
3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：
---Whos is knocking at the door?
---It’s me.
4)人称代词在 than 之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：
He is older than me.
84He is older than I am.
2. 物主代词
1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性
物主代词，如下表所示。
2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：
Our teacher is coming to see us.
This is her pencil-box.
3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。
Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语）
--- Is this English-book yours? （作表语）
--- No. Mine is in my bag.
I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语）
3. 指示代词
指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。
1) this 和 these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that 和 those
85则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：
This is a pen and that is a pencil．
We are busy these days．
In those days the workers had a hard time．
2)有时 that 和 those 指前面讲到过的事物，this 和 these 则是指下面将要讲
到的事物，例如：
I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.
What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English．
3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用 that 或 those 代替，例如：
Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai．
4)this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：
Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?
4. 反身代词
英语中用来表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我们自己"，"你们自己"
等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。
反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。
1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人
或一些人。
86He called himself a writer．
Would you please express yourself in English?
2)作表语。
It doesn't matter．I'll be myself soon．
The girl in the news is myself．
3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。
I myself washed the clothes．（=I washed the clothes myself.）（作主语同位语）
You should ask the teacher himself．（作宾语同位语）
5. 不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表
语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：
1)some 与 any 的区别
①some 多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②
可数名词+复数动词。
Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.
. Some rice in the bag has been sold out.
②any 多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数
名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。
If you have any questions, please ask me.
There isn't any orange in the bottle.
Have you got any tea?
③any 和 some 也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any 多用于疑问句或否定句中，some 多用于肯定句
8788
中。
How many people can you see in the picture?
I can't see any.
If you have no money, I'll lend you some.
注意：与some, any结合的词如 something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody
在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和 some, any 的用法相同。
2) few, a few, little, a little 在用法上的区别
①用作形容词：
含义
用法
表示肯定
表示否定
用于可数名词
a few 虽少，但有几个
few 不多，几乎没有
用于不可数名词
a little，虽少，但有一点
little 不多，没有什么
I'm going to buy a few apples.
He can speak only a little Chinese.
There is only a little milk in the glass.
He has few friends.
They had little money with them.
②a little 和 little 也可以用作副词，a little 表示“有点，稍微”，little 表示“很少”。
I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词 hungry)
Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词 sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)
She slept very little last night.89
3)other, the other, another, others, the others 的区别。
用 法
代名词
形容词
单数
复数
单数
复数
不定
another
另一个
others
别人，其他人
another (boy)
另一个（男孩）
other (boys)
其他男孩
特定
the other
另一个
the others
其余那些人、物
the other (boy)
另一个男孩
the other (boys)
其余那些男孩
①other 可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别
的”。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one.
②other 也可以用作代词，与冠词 the 连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与 one
搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.
③other 作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与 some 搭配构成“some ....,
others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.
④“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.
In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.90
⑤another 可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词 one.
You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?
⑥another 也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.
4)every 与 each 的区别。
each
every
1)可单独使用
1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词
2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别”
3)着重“全体”，毫无例
外
4)用于两者或两者以上中的每
一个人或物
4)用于三者或三者以上
每一个人或物
The teacher gave a toy to each child.
Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说 each child, each student 或 each teacher 时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说
every child 和 every student 时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every 的意思与 all 接近，表示他们都如此。
Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.
Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.
5)all 和 both 的用法。
①all 指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、
宾语、同位语和定语。All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢 Pope 先生。（作主语）
= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)
All the water has been used up. (作主语)
That's all for today. (作表语)
Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)
All the leaders are here. (作定语)
②both 作代词。
a.与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。
Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time.
How are your parents? They're both fine.
b.与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。
Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting.
c.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.
③both 用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。
Both his younger sisters are our classmates.
. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.
6. 相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有 each other 和 one another 两种形 式。在当代英语
91中，each other 和 one another 没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词
用所有格形式。
We should learn from each other / one another. （作宾语）
Do you often write to each other / one another? （作宾语）
We often borrow each other's / one another's books. （作定语）
The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework.
（作定语）
7. 疑问代词
疑问代词有 who，whom，whose，what 和 which 等。疑问代词用于特殊疑
问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：
Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）
What is that? (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this? (作定语)
Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)
8.关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that,
which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例
如：
I hate people who talk much but do little.
I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.
With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.
Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?
92三.巩固练习
1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.
A. you B. me C. him D. her
2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
3. ---You want ________ sandwich?
---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.
A. other B. another C. others D. the other
4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than
_______.
A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs
5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.
---Never mind. You can have ________.
A. us B. ours C. you D. yours
7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?
---Work harder than last term.
93A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself
9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?
---Her cousin, Susan.
A. that B. whose C. who D. which
10. ---Is _______ here?
---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.
A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody
11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.
A. many B. some C. few D. more
12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.
A. more B. other C. the other D. another
13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?
---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?
A. neither B. both C. none D. either
14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?
---No. _______ of them can use a computer.
A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?
A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that
16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand?
A. another B. other C. one D. the other
17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.
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