第三章
动词的语态
一.概念:
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两
种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动
句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词
be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.
二. 相关知识点精讲
1. let 的用法
1）当 let 后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带 to 的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2）当 let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用 allow 或 permit 代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院
的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
3. 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组，基本上由 believe, consider, declare, expect, feel ,
report, say, see, suppose, think, understand 等组成。例如：
It is said that…
据说第 26 页2共6 253 页
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that…
被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
4. 不用被动语态的情况
1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如 appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail,
happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep,
keep silence, lose heart, take place 等没有无被动语态。例如：
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
比较：rise, fall, happen 是不及物动词；raise, seat 是及物动词。
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词
多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如 fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish,
cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in,
suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 等。例如：
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一第 27 页2共7 253 页
致。
3） 系动词无被动语态，如 appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look,
remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 等。例如：It sounds good. 听上
去不错。
4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如 die/death, dream/dream， live/life 等，以及反身代词，
相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：
（对） She likes to swim.
（错） To swim is liked by her.
5. 主动形式表示被动意义
1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell 等。例
如：
The book sells well.
这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily.
这刀子很好用。
2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build 等。例如：
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3） 在 need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve 后的动名词必须用主动形式。
例如：
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。
6. 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be
prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married 等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意：表示同某人结婚，用 marry sb. 或 get married to sb.均可。例如：
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth 后面接 doing 时，表示的是被动意义。例如：
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
三.巩固练习
1. I___________ (teach) here for ten years since I finished school.
2. Would you mind me __________ (use) your bike?
3. The students of Class Two___________ (sweep) their classroom now.
4. The Whites____________ (not listen) to the radio at that time.
5. It's better to give than__________ (receive).
6. How long ______you_______ (live) in this town?
7. You _______ (come) here last year, ______ you?
8. ----When ______ you______ (see) him?
----I______ (see) him last Sunday.
第 28 页2共8 253 页第 29 页2共9 253 页
9. She said that the car___________ (use) the next week.
10. I didn't know what __________ (happen) to China in a century.
11. When I got to the station, the train ____ already ______ (leave).
12. The stone bridge______________ (build) in our hometown for ten years.
13. The desk must ______ (clean) once a day.
14. The dog _________ (lie) on the floor when I came in..
15. It _________(rain) heavily when I got home.
16. Her mother____________ (cook) at this time yesterday.
17. The students _____________ (do) their homework.
__________ (not make)
any noise!
18. ----______ you ever_______ (be) to Beijing? ----Yes. I________ (go) there
last week.
19. He'll telephone us as soon as he _________ (arrive) there.
20. Jiefang trucks____________ (make) in Changchun.
21. A pen is used for__________ (write).
22. All that must ________ (do).
23 .My friend can't decide which pair of trousers____________ (choose). So she
asked me to go shopping with her.
24. They find it useful__________ (learn) English.
25. The old man often_________ (tell) the children a story in the evening. This
evening he ________ (tell) two stories.第 30 页3共0 253 页
26. The radio__________ (use) once in a week in our class. It____________ (not
use) yesterday because there was something wrong with it.
27. Would please tell us how___________ (make) the watch ________ (work)?
28. She doesn't know what_________ (do) and where__________ (go).
四.答案
1. have
taught
2. using
3. are
sweeping
4. weren’t
listening
5. to
receive
6. have
…
lived
7. came …
didn’t
8. did
…
see, saw
9. would be
used
10. would
happen
11. had
…
left
12. have
been
built
13. be
cleaned
14. was lying
15. was
raining
16. was
cooking
17. are doing,
Don ’ t
make
18. have
…
beeen,
went
19. arrives
20. are made
21. writing
22. be done
23. to
choose
24. to learn
25. tells, will
tell31
第四章 动词的语气
一.概念
语气有三种:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的
态度或看法.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.辨别 if 引导真实条件句和 if 引导的虚拟条件句的区别
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表
if 条件句中的谓与动词
主句的谓与动词
与现在的事实相反
1. 行为动词用 did 形式
2. be 动词用 were
should
would
could
+ 动词原形
might
与过去的事实相反
had + done
should
would
could
+ have + done
might
与将来的事实相反
1. 行为动词用 did
2. should + 动词原形
3. were to + 动词原形
should
would
could
+ 动词原形32
might
3.混合时间的虚拟语气
如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表
示的时间加以调整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.
2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.
4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做”
needn’t have done 表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”
5.虚拟语气中的倒装句
如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有 were, had, could, should，有时可将 if 省去，而将条件从
句的主语置于 were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6.wish 后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气， 表示“可惜…；….就好了； 悔不该…； 但愿…。”
主句谓语
从句谓语
wish
时态
谓语动词的形式
现在时
表示与 wish 同时发生
动词用过去时
be 动词用 were33
过去时
表示在 wish之前发生的动作
动词用 had done
be 用 had been
将来时
表示在 wish之后发生的动作
动词用 would do; should
do
be 用 would be ; should
be
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.表示命令或建议动词 suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的宾语
从句中应使用虚拟 should +动词原形； should 不可用 would 来替代; 主句所使用的动词时态不限。
8.suggest 为“建议去做…; 命令…”从句用 should + do
为“ 说明； 暗示”, 从句用过去时或过去完成时。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.
2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
9.insist “坚持要去做…，坚持应该去做”，从句用 should + do 为“坚持表明，坚持说/解释”， 从句用过
去时或过去完成时。
10.虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句的主语通
常是 suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表语从句中的谓语动词是 should +动词原型，
should 可以省略。34
11.在主语从句中，当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等，从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式。其谓语动词
时 should + 动词原型， 或 should 省略。
三.巩固练习
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.
A. will be
B. would have been
C. could have been
D. would be
2. If I _____ you, I’d join the army.
A. am
B. was
C. were
D. would be
3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.
A. comes
B. will come
C. should come
D. come
4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.
A. rains
B. will rains
C. would rain
D. should rain
5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.
A. were to do
B. do
C. had done
D. was to do
6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go ?
A. is
B. will be
C. were
D. be
7. If he had worked harder, he _________.
A. would succeed
B. had succeeded
C. should succeed
D. would have succeeded
8. If he ________, he _________ that food.
A. was warned; would not take
B. had been warned; would not have taken35
C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented
B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent
D. were; would have prevented
10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.
A. had seen; could have believed
B. saw; couldn’t believe
C. saw; couldn’t have believed
D. has seen; had believed
11. —Do you think the thief entered through the window?
—No, if he had, I don’t believe, _______ broken the living-room’s window.
A. he would have
B. he must have
C. he had
D. should he have
12. —Did you go swimming last Sunday?
—No. We would have gone ______ nicer.
A. if the weather was
B. would the weather have been
C. had the weather been
D. should the weather be
13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.
A. Had; not been
B. Should; not been36
C. Did; not been
D. Not; been
14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would have left
B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave
D. If he leaves
15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.
A. should be built
B. would built
C. will be built
D. built
四.答案
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.A
第 5 章 助动词
一.概念:
助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结
构助动词两种.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1. 助动词 be 的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。37
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨 7 点在校门口
集合。
2. 助动词 have 的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止，他们已经完成
工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：38
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
3.助动词 do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized.
我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study.
他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用 do，不用 did 和 does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，
我们才认识到英语的重要性。39
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有 never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well 等。
6）用作代动词。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do 用作代动词，代替 like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？
4. 助动词 shall 和 will 的用法
shall 和 will 作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：
I shall study harder at English.
我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai.
他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说 shall 用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口
语中，will 常用于第一人称，但 shall 只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已
变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall 有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will 只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
5.助动词 should, would 的用法
1）should 无词义，只是 shall 的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周
干什么。
比较："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。
可以说，shall 变成间接引语时，变成了 should。
2） would 也无词义，是 will 的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：
He said he would come.
他说他要来。40
比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了 He said he would come。原来
的 will 变成 would，go 变成了 come.。
6. 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off 是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1）动词+副词，如：black out；
2）动词+介词，如：look into；
3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词
三.巩固练习
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have
b. will have
c. has
d. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise
b. shall rise
b. should rise
would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist
construction.
a. has made
b. have made
c. had made
d. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had
b. didn’t/have
c. didn’t/had
d. don’t/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come
b. Did/will have come
c. Does/will come
d. Do/will have come
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.41
a. was runing
b. was running
c. were running
d. is running
7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked
b. have/were asked
c. had/is asked
d. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should
b. Can
c. Might
d. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not
c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend
b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended
d. needn’t have attended
11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be
b. may not have been
c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might
b. succeeded to
c. would
d. was able to
13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers
d. her answering
15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to
c. had better
d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today?42
a. Did you like
b. Would you like
c. Will you like
d. Have you liked
17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do
b. had to do
c. ought to have done
d. have to do
18.“Time is running out,______?”
a. hadn’t we better got start
b. hadn’t we better get start
c.hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say
b. dares saying
c. dare say
d. dare to say
20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need
b. ought
c. must
d. dare
21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come
b. ought to be coming
c. ought have come
d. ought to have come
22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed
b. to feed
c. to being fed
d. to have been fed
23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed
b. could miss
c. may have missed
d. might miss
24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a.
must
b. could
c. should
d. might
25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take
c. needn’t take
d. mustn’t take
26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.43
a. should be finished typing
b. must be finished typing
c.must have finished typing
c. should have been finished typing
27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become
b. to become
c. becoming
d. became
28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry
b. needn’t have hurried
c. need not to have hurried
d. didn’t need to hurry
29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us
tonight?
a. will
b. won’t
c. wouldn’t
d. do
30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have
b. could be
c. have been
d. shall be
四.答案
1-10 BDACDBDBCB 11-20 CDCBDBBCCB
21-30 DDCABDABCA44
