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近年来,Angewandte Chemie 及其所有者—德国化学学会(GDCh)主办的Angewandte Symposia 系列研讨会在全球范围内取得了巨大的成功。Angewandte Symposia 邀请世界顶尖的化学家作为主讲人,为 Angewandte Chemie 的作者与读者们带来精彩的主题演讲。
然而 Angewandte Symposia 举办频率较低。为了给 Angewandte Chemie 与化学研究者社群,尤其是年轻科研工作者们提供更多面对面交流的机会以及更好的支持不同事业阶段的化学研究者,Angewandte Chemie 组织了一系列 Angewandte Advances 研讨会。
Angewandte Advances 系列研讨会将作为大型化学学术会议的特别分会场,举行为期半天至一天的学术报告与讨论活动。每期 Angewandte Advances 将邀请来自不同领域、处于不同事业阶段的6-8位优秀学者做学术报告,并由Angewandte Chemie 的编辑主持以及组织讨论。
迄今为止,Angewandte Advances已经成功举办十届,我们期待为大家带来更多精彩的线下研讨会和交流平台。(点击查看精彩回顾)
第11届Angewandte Advances研讨会将于2024年7月15日在天津社会山国际会议中心酒店举办。
本期Angewandte Advances邀请到六位主讲人,分别是卿凤翎院士(中国科学院上海有机化学研究所),杨上峰教授(中国科学技术大学),鲍红丽研究员(中国科学院福建物质结构研究所),Mario Waser教授(Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria),练仲教授(四川大学)和任毅教授(上海科技大学)。敬请期待!
会议时间及地点
2024年7月15日,14:00 - 17:30
天津社会山国际会议中心酒店
会议日程
主讲人及报告简介
卿凤翎 院士
中国科学院上海有机化学研究所
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Feng-Ling Qing obtained his doctoral degree in 1990 from the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC), Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 1992 to 1995, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Wyeth Research in the United States. In 1997, he was promoted to professor at SIOC of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 1999 to 2009, he served as the director of Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2000, he became a professor at Donghua University. Since 2023, he has been serving as the director of the Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials at SIOC, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was selected as Cheung Kong Scholar Professor by the Ministry of Education of China in 2001, received the Distinguished Young Scholars Fund of National Natural Science Fundation of China for in 2003, and was awarded the National Natural Science Award (2nd class) in 2019. His research focuses on organofluorine chemistry and fluorinated materials. Since starting independent research in 1995, he has published over 300 research papers.
报告题目:
Efficient and DirectAccess to Aryl Trifluoromethyl/Bromo(chloro)difluoromethyl Ethers
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The development of new fluorinated reagents and reactions for the incorporation of the fluorine atom and fluoroalkyl group into organic molecules has gained increased attention in the past decade. Consequently, trifluoromethylation (CF3), trifluoromethylthiolation (CF3S) and difluoromethylation (CF2H) have made remarkable progresses. However, the synthesis of aryl trifluoromethyl ethers (ArOCF3) and aryl bromo(chloro)difluoromethyl ethers (ArOCF2Br and ArOCF2Cl) is less developed. At this meeting, the new trifluoromethoxylation of aromatics and bromo(chloro)difluoromethylation of phenols will be presented: 1) Direct C-H trifluoromethoxylation of (hetero)aromatics for synthesis of trifluoromethyl aryl ethers by the combination of the readily available trifluoromethylating reagent and oxygen under electrochemical reaction conditions. 2) Oxidative chloro- and bromodifluoromethylation of phenols with (CH3)3SiCF2X and CuX (X = Cl, Br) in the presence of Selectfluor for preparation of aryl bromo(chloro)difluoromethyl ethers under mild reaction conditions.
Keywords: Fluorine Chemistry; Trifluoromethyoxylation; Bromo(chloro)difluoromethylation; Aryl trifluoromethyl ethers.
杨上峰 教授
中国科学技术大学
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Shangfeng Yang is a Chair Professor at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), and a recipient of the National Distinguished Youth Fund and a Fellow of RSC (FRSC). He received his Ph. D. from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) in 2003. He then joined Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Germany as an Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Fellow (2004-2005) and a Guest Scientist (2005-2007). In December 2007, he joined the Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Hefei National Laboratory for Microscale Materials Science at the University of Science and Technology of China as a professor. Since October 2021, he has served as the Deputy Dean of the School of Chemistry and Materials Science. His major research interests include fullerenes functional materials and novel solar cells. He has published more than 370 SCI papers with >11,000 citations and an H-index of 72. He edited two monographs entitled ‘‘Endohedral Fullerenes: From Fundamentals to Applications’’ (World Scientific Publishing Co.) and ‘‘Fullerenes: Fundamentals to Applications’’ (Scientic Publisher), and contributed to 9 book chapters. He has led projects including the National Distinguished Youth Fund, the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology. He has received awards such as the Second Prize of Natural Science of Anhui Province (2018), “CAS Excellent Supervisor Award” (2016, 2017) and “Young Faculty Award” of USTC Alumni Foundation (2010). He was recognized by Clarivate as one of the "Highly Cited Researchers" in Materials Science in 2023.
报告题目:
Fullerene-Based Optoelectronic Functional Materials
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Fullerenes represented by C60 was discovered in 1985, and its discoverers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996. Fullerene has a closed cage structure and unique physical and chemical properties. After nearly 40 years of development, fullerenes have shown broad potential applications in optical, electrical, magnetic devices. In particular, due to the strong electron affinity, high electron mobility, and low recombination energy, fullerenes and their derivatives have been widely used in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells as electron transport layers, cathode interfacial layers, or defect passivation agents. We have developed a series of novel fullerene derivatives and applied them as the electron transport materials or additives in perovskite photoactive layers, achieving efficiency enhancements of perovskite solar cells. In addition, because fullerenes have a zero-dimensional closed-cage molecular structure with high stability, we also hybridized fullerenes with two-dimensional nanomaterials via covalent bonding, and successfully prepared novel fullerene/two-dimensional nanomaterial hybrids. In this way we explore new applications of fullerene materials in the fields of photoelectric energy conversion.
Keywords: Fullerene; Fullerenes derivatives; Perovskite solar cells; Two-dimensional nanomaterials; Photoelectric energy conversion
References:
[1] Guan, R. N.; Chen, M. Q.; Jin, F.; Yang, S. F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 1048-1073.
[2] Jia, L. B.; Chen, M. Q.; Yang, S. F. Mater. Chem. Front. 2020, 4, 2256-2282.
[3] Chen, M. Q.; Guan, R. N.; Yang, S. F. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1800941.
[4] Zhu, X. J.; Zhang, T.; Jiang, D.; Duan, H.; Sun, Z.; Zhang, M.; Jin, H.; Guan, R.; Liu, Y.; Chen, M. Q.; Ji, H. X.; Du, P. W.; Yan, W. S.; Wei, S. Q.; Lu, Y. L.; Yang, S. F., Nature Commun. 2018, 9, 4177.
[5] Y. J. Liu, P. F. Gao, T. M. Zhang, X. J. Zhu, M. M. Zhang, M. Q. Chen, P. W. Du, G.-W. Wang, H. X. Ji, J. L. Yang, S. F. Yang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 1479-1483.
[6] J. H. Wu, X. J. Zhu, Y. Guan, Y. J. Wang, F. Jin, R. N. Guan, F. P. Liu, M. Q. Chen, Y. C. Tian, S. F. Yang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 11350-11354.
[7] W.-F. Wang, K. Q. Liu, C. Niu, Y.-S. Wang, Y.-R. Yao, Z.-C. Yin, M. Q. Chen, S.-Q. Ye, S. F. Yang, G.-W. Wang, Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 8052.
[8] X. Wang, D. Zhang, Baoze Liu, Xin Wu*, Xiaofen Jiang, Shoufeng Zhang, Lina Wang, Haolin Wang, Z. M. Huang, T. Chen, Z. G. Xiao, Q. Y. He, X. Shuang, Z. L. Zhu, S. F. Yang, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2305946.
[9] X. F. Jiang, B. Z. Liu, X. Wu, S. F. Zhang, D. Zhang, X. Wang, S. Gao, Z. M. Huang, H. L. Wang, B. Li, Z. G. Xiao, T. Chen, A. K.-Y. Jen, S. Xiao, S. F. Yang, Z. L. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2313524.
[10] R. N. Guan, J. Huang, J. P. Xin, M. Q. Chen, P. W. Du, Q. X. Li, Y.-Z. Tan, S. F. Yang, S.-Y. Xie, Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 150.
鲍红丽 研究员
中国科学院福建物质结构研究所
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Professor Hongli Bao, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science. Hongli Bao received her B.S. degree in Chemistry from the University of Science & Technology of China in 2002. She obtained her Ph.D. from the joint program of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC, China) and the University of Science & Technology of China in 2008 with Professor Kuiling Ding and Professor Tianpa You. She joined the Tambar lab in 2009 and received the UT Southwest-ern Chilton Fellowship in Biochemistry in 2012. She started her independent career in 2014 at Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science. She is interested in developing metal-catalyzed new reactions and asymmetric catalysis.
Representative Publications
1. M. Xue, J. Cui, X, Zhu, F. Wang, D. Lv, Z. Nie, Y. Li* and H. Bao* Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202304275.
2. Z. Nie, M.-F., Chiou, J. Cui, Y. Qu, X. Zhu, W. Jian, H. Xiong, Y. Li and H. Bao* Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022. DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202077.
3. L. Ge, H. Zhou, M.-F. Chiou, H. Jiang, W. Jian, C. Ye, X Li, X. Zhu, H. Xiong, Y. Li, L Song, X. Zhang* and H. Bao* Nat. Catal. 2021. 28.
4. D. Lv, Q. Sun, H. Zhou, L. Ge, Y. Qu, T. Li, X. Ma, Y. Li and H. Bao* Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 12455.
5. X. Zhu, W. Jian, M. Huang, D. Li, Y. Li, X. Zhang and H. Bao* Nat. Commun.2021, 12, 6670.
6. Y. Zeng, M.-F. Chiou, X. Zhu, J. Cao, D. Lv, W. Jian, Y. Li, X. Zhang* and H. Bao* J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 18014.
7. X. Zhu, W. Deng, M.-F. Chiou, C. Ye, W. Jian, Y. Zeng, Y. Jiao, L. Ge, Y. Li, X. Zhang* and H. Bao* J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 548
报告题目:
Mechanistic Investigation of Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Esterification:Revealing A New NLEs Analysis Model
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Non-linear effects (NLEs), dealing with the relationship between ee values of ligand and product, classically serve as a widespread tool for investigating asymmetric reaction mechanisms. [1] However, the NLEs analysis model only often provides intuitive information in simple systems, leaving the application in complex systems indirect and vague. [2] Here, we report a new NLEs analysis model that directly connects the relationship between ee values of metal complexes and products, with the purpose of solving the challenges that occur in complex systems. Through an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of our previous copper-catalyzed asymmetric esterification reactions, we found an intrinsic linear relationship between the ee values of the key active metal complex (LLCuI) and product within this traditionally non-linear system. This new NLEs model holds promise as a powerful tool for the exploration of asymmetric catalysis mechanisms, heralding new avenues in the understanding and application of catalytic processes.
Figure 1 NLEs model.
Keywords: Mechanistic studies; NLEs; ESI-MS; Copper-catalysis; Asymmetric catalytic
References:
[1] (a) Puchot, C.; Samuel, O.; Dunach, E.; Zhao, S.; Agami, C.; Kagan, H. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 2353-2357; (b) Guillaneux, D.; Zhao, S.-H.; Samuel, O.; Rainford, D.; Kagan, H. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9430-9439; (c) Zhang, S. Y.; Girard, C.; Kagan, H. B. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 2637-2640; (d) Girard, C.; Kagan, H. B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2922-2959; (e) Kagan, H. B. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2001, 343, 227-233
[2] (a) Satyanarayana, T.; Abraham, S.; Kagan, H. B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 456-494. (b) Ahn, J. M.; Ratani, T. S.; Hannoun, K. I.; Fu, G. C.; Peters, J. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 12716-12723. (c) Geiger, Y.; Achard, T.; Maisse‐François, A.; Bellemin‐Laponnaz, S. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2021, 2021, 2916-2922. (d) Zhu, X.; Li, Y.; Bao, H. Chin. J. Chem. 2023, 41, 3097-3114.
Prof. Mario Waser
Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
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Mario Waser was born in Steyr, Austria in 1977 and studied chemistry at JKU Linz, Austria where he obtained his Ph.D. in 2005 in the group of Prof. Heinz Falk. After a postdoctoral stay with Prof. Alois Fürstner (Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim, Germany), he spent two years as an R&D chemist working for DSM. In 2009 he started his independent career at JKU Linz and in 2014 he obtained his habilitation (venia docendi) and became Associate Professor. In 2020 he was promoted to Full Professor for Organic Stereochemistry and in 2021 he was appointed as the Head of the Institute of Organic Chemistry at JKU. His main research interests are on the design and application of asymmetric organocatalysts and on the development of asymmetric organocatalytic synthesis methods.
报告题目:
Chiral Isochalcogenourea Organocatalysis
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Chiral isochalcogenoureas (IChU), i.e. the sulfur-containing isothioureas, are versatile Lewis base organocatalysts that allow for numerous highly enantioselective transformations [1]. In general, these nucleophilic catalysts can add to a variety of electrophilic reagents and starting materials, thus giving activated chiral intermediates that can then undergo a multitude of different asymmetric transformations. Over the last years our group had a strong interest in the utilization of these catalysts for the activation and control of simple carboxylic acid derivatives (via in situ C1 ammonium enolate formation) [2]. Furthermore, we have recently also shown that these catalysts allow for the activation and control of allenoates in a unique manner [3]. In this presentation I will give an overview of our most recent results presenting past and ongoing investigations focusing on the development and mechanistic understanding of new cyclization reactions as well as new a-functionalization chemistry.
Keywords: Organocatalysis; Lewis bases; Isochalcogenoureas; Cycloadditions
References:
[1] A. J. Nimmo, C. M. Young, A. D. Smith, Isothiourea Catalysis – New Opportunities for Asymmetric Synthesis. In Asymmetric Organocatalysis: New Strategies, Catalysts, and Opportunities, (Ed. L. Albrecht, A. Albrecht, L. Dell’Amico); Wiley-VCH, 2023; 151.
[2] a) L. Stockhammer, R. Craik, U. Monkowius, D. B. Cordes, A. D. Smith, M. Waser, ChemistryEurope 2023, 1, e202300015; b) D. Weinzierl, M. Piringer, P. Zebrowski, L. Stockhammer, M. Waser, Org. Lett. 2023, 25, 3126-3130.
[3] L. S. Vogl, P. Mayer, R. Robiette, M. Waser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202315345.
练仲 教授
四川大学
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Professor
State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital
Sichuan University
Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Email: lianzhong@scu.edu.cn.
Education & appointments:
2005-2009
B.D. studies in East China Normal University
2009-2012
M.D. studies in Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Prof. Min Shi
2013-2015
Ph.D. studies in Aarhus University under the supervision of Prof. Troels Skrydstrup
2016
Post-doctoral fellow, Aarhus University, Denmark, Prof. Troels Skrydstrup
2016-2018
Post-doctoral fellow, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Germany, Prof. Bill Morandi
2018-
Full Professor, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
Representative Publications
1. Qu, R. L.; Wan, S.; Zhang, X. M.; Wang, X. H.; Xue, L.; Wang, Q. Q.; Cheng, G. J.; Dai L. Z.; Lian, Z. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, e202400645.
2. Wang, X. H.; Zhang, X. M.; Xue, L.; Wang, Q. Q.; You, F. Z.; Dai, L. Z.; Wu, J. G.; Kramer, S.; Lian, Z. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, e202307054.
3. Jia, X. W.; Kramer, S.; Skrydstrup, T.; Lian, Z. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 6, 7353-7359.
4. Chen, X. M.; Lian, Z.; Kramer, S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, e202217638.
5. Chang, Z. Q.; Zhang, X. M.; Lv, H. P.; Sun, H. T.; Lian, Z. Adv. Sci. 2024, 2309069.
6. Lv, H. P.; Chen, X. Z.; Zhang, X. M.; Kramer, S.; Lian, Z. ACS Catal. 2024, 14, 6513-6524.
7. Chen, L.; Zhang, X. M.; Zhou, M.; Shen, L.; Kramer, S.; Lian, Z. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 10764-10770.
8. Chen, G.; Zhou, R. X.; Zhang, X. M.; Xiao, X.; Kramer, S.; Cheng, G. J.; Lian, Z. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 14582-14591.
9. Xiong, B. J.; Chen, X. M.; Liu, J. J.; Zhang, X. M.; Xia, Y.; Lian, Z. ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 11960-11965.
10. Xiong, B. J.; Wang, T.; Sun, H. T.; Li, Y.; Kramer, S.; Cheng, G.-J.; Lian, Z. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 13616-13623.
Research interests: mechanochemistry, resource utilization of sulfur dioxide, design and synthesis of small molecule targeted drugs
报告题目:
Mechanical-Force-Induced Single Electron Transfer Reactions by Using Piezoelectric Materials as a Redox Catalyst
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In the domain of mechanoredox chemistry, piezoelectric materials like BaTiO3 have been employed under ball milling conditions to facilitate single-electron transfer (SET) reactions, presenting an environmentally benign, solvent-free method of synthesis. [1] Building on the groundwork laid by Ito and Bolm, [2] our team has effectively utilized piezoelectric materials to catalyze multiple SET reactions. These include the Balz-Schiemann reaction,[3] non-spontaneous dehalogenative deuteration of aromatic iodides,[4] and vicinal dibromination of unsaturated hydrocarbons,[5] significantly advancing the development of mechanoredox processes.
Figure 1. Mechanical-force-induced single electron transfer reactions using piezoelectric materials.
Keywords: mechanoredox; piezoelectric materials; single-electron transfer
References:
[1] Leitch, J. A.; Browne, D. L. Chem. Eur. J. 2021, 27, 9721-9726; (b) Ren, Z. Y.; Peng, Y. H.; He, H. L.; Ding, C. Q.; Wang, J. L.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, Z. B. Chin. J. Chem. 2023, 41, 111-128; (c) Xia, H. S.; Wang, Z. H. Science 2019, 366, 1451-1452; (d) Ayarza, J.; Wang, Z.; Wang, J.; Huang, C. W.; Esser-Kahn, A. P.; ACS Macro Lett. 2020, 9, 1237-1248.
[2] (a) Kubota, K.; Pang, Y.; Miura, A.; Ito, H. Science, 2019, 366, 1500-1504; (b) Schumacher, C.; Hernández, J. G.; Bolm, C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 16357-16360.
[3] Wang, X. H.; Zhang, X. M.; Xue, L.; Wang, Q. Q.; You, F. Z.; Dai, L. Z.; Wu, J. G.; Kramer, S. Lian, Z. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, e202307054.
[4] Qu, R. L.; Wan, S.; Zhang, X. M.; Wang, X. H.; Xue, L.; Wang, Q. Q.; Cheng, G. J.; Dai L. Z.; Lian, Z. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, e202400645.
[5] You, F. Z.; Zhang, X. M.; Wang, X. H.; Guo, G. Q.; Wang, Q. Q.; Song, H. Z.; Qu, R. L.; Lian, Z. Org. Lett. 2024, 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01077.
任毅 教授
上海科技大学
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Prof. Yi Ren(任毅) received his Ph.D from the University of Calgary in 2012. Later, he joined Prof. Lynn Loo’s group as a PCCM postdoctoral fellow at the Princeton University. Between 2016 and 2017, he held the postdoctoral positions in Frieder Jäkle (Newark University) and Harry R. Allcock (Penn State University), respectively. In 2018, he started his independent research career at ShanghaiTech Univeristy. The research topic of his group is the design of molecular and macromolecular materials via the main-group element chemistry. His research work was recognized by several awards, including Shanghai City Scholar (2019) and Thieme Chemistry Journals (2023).
报告题目:
Design of Phosphorus-Nitrogen Containing Organic Conjugated Molecules
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Organic 𝜋-conjugated molecules (OCMs) have attracted significant attention in the areas of organic catalysis, bio-imaging/sensing, and organic optoelectronic devices.[1] Rich chemical diversity of OCMs maintains their unique positions in the applications mentioned above. Recently, introducing main-group elements (such as B, N, S, Si, P, etc.) into OCM has become a powerful strategy for fine-tuning structures and properties.[2] Among the main-group elements, phosphorus (P) element is a special member due to its rich and well-controlled chemistry, such as oxidation, borylation, alkylation, metal coordination, etc.[3] In this talk, we will present our recent efforts on the design of new P-OCMs via selective P−N and P−C cyclization chemistry.[4] Our studies further uncovered P-OCMs exhibited the intriguing optoelectronic properties that are not easily accessible to the traditional pure-carbon based OCMs.
Keywords: Phosphorus-Heterocycles; Organic 𝜋-conjugated molecules; Cyclization Chemistry; Optoelectronic Properties.
References:
[1] (a) Corrigan, N.; Yeow, J.; Judzewitsch, P.; Xu, J.; Boyer, C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 5170–5189. (b) Anthony, J. E. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 452–483. (c) Mishra, A.; Bäuerle, P. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 2020–2067.
[2] Hirai, M.; Tanaka, N.; Sakai, M.; Yamaguchi, S. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 8291–8331.
[3] Asok, N.; Gaffen, J. R.; Baumgartner, T. Acc. Chem. Res. 2023, 56, 536–547.
[4] (a) Yang, Z.; Li, C.; Liu, C.; Li, X.; Yu, N.; Ren, Y. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202212844. (b) Yang, Z.; Li, X.; Yang, K.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, Y.; Yu, N.; Baumgartner, T.; Ren, Y. Org. Lett. 2022, 24, 2045– 2049. (c) Li, C.; Liu, Z.; Li, X.; Ning, Z.; Ren, Y. Submitted.
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