原文信息
An assessment of decarbonisation pathways for intercontinental deep-sea shipping using power-to-X fuels
原文链接：
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924015460
Highlights
• Electrofuels reduce vessel payload by 3% to 16% for an equivalent range
• Electrofuels increase total costs by between 124% to 731% depending on the fuel
• Fuels which do not require cryogenic storage reduce cost increases
• Most expensive technology required for greatest reduction in emissions
• Use of electrofuels adds between €0.48 and €3.27 to the price of a laptop
Abstract
Shipping corridors act as the arteries of the global economy. The maritime shipping sector is also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 2.9% of the global total. The international nature of the shipping sector, combined with issues surrounding the use of battery technology means that these emissions are considered difficult to eliminate. This work explores the transition to renewable fuels by examining the use of electrofuels (in the form of liquid hydrogen, methane, methanol, ammonia, and Fischer-Tropsch fuel) to decarbonise large container ships from a technical, economic, and environmental perspective. For an equivalent range to current fossil fuel vessels, the cargo capacity of vessels powered by electrofuels decreases by between 3% and 16% depending on the fuel of choice due to the lower energy density compared with conventional marine fuels. If vessel operators are willing to sacrifice range, cargo space can be preserved by downsizing onboard energy storage which necessitates more frequent refuelling. For a realistic green hydrogen cost of €3.5/kg (10.5 €c/kWh) in 2030, the use of electrofuels in the shipping sector results in an increase in the total cost of ownership of between 124% and 731%, with liquid hydrogen in an internal combustion engine being the most expensive and methanol in an internal combustion engine resulting in the lowest cost increase. Despite this, we find that the increased transportation costs of some consumer goods to be relatively small, adding for example less than €3.27 to the cost of a laptop. In general, fuels which do not require cryogenic storage and can be used in internal combustion engines result in the lowest cost increases. For policymakers, reducing the environmental impact of the shipping sector is a key priority. The use of liquid hydrogen, which results in the largest cost increase, offers a 70% reduction in GHG emissions for an electricity carbon intensity of 80 gCO2e/kWh, which is the greatest reduction of all fuels assessed in this work. A minimum carbon price of €400/tCO2 is required to allow these fuels to reach parity with conventional shipping operations. To meet European Union emissions reductions targets, electricity with an emissions intensity below 40 gCO2e/kWh is required, which suggests that for electrofuels to be truly sustainable, direct connection with a source of renewable electricity is required.
Keywords
Shipping
Electrofuel
Power-to-X
Total cost of ownership
Lifecycle assessment
Graphics
Fig. 1. - Pathways for the use of electrofuels in deep-sea shipping.
Fig. 4. - Fuel costs including the cost of refuelling infrastructure for a hydrogen cost of €3.5/kg. Note that LH2 = Liquid Hydrogen, FT = Fischer-Tropsch.
Fig. 5. - Relative total cost of ownership of alternative marine electrofuels compared to the fossil fuel reference vessel for a carbon capture price for fuel synthesis of (a) €20/tCO2 and (b) €500/tCO2.
Fig. 6. – Breakdown of the total cost of ownership structure for a hydrogen cost of €3.5/kg and a CO2 capture cost for fuel synthesis of €20/tCO2. Reference vessel capacity is 15,000 TEU. Note that ICE = Internal Combustion Engine, FC = Fuel Cell, LH2 = Liquid Hydrogen, FT = Fischer-Tropsch.
关于Applied Energy
本期小编：何意；审核人：丁志雄
《Applied Energy》是世界能源领域著名学术期刊，在全球出版巨头爱思唯尔 (Elsevier) 旗下，1975年创刊，影响因子10.1，CiteScore 21.2，本刊旨在为清洁能源转换技术、能源过程和系统优化、能源效率、智慧能源、环境污染物及温室气体减排、能源与其他学科交叉融合、以及能源可持续发展等领域提供交流分享和合作的平台。开源（Open Access）姊妹新刊《Advances in Applied Energy》影响因子13.0，CiteScore 23.9。全部论文可以免费下载。在《Applied Energy》的成功经验基础上，致力于发表应用能源领域顶尖科研成果，并为广大科研人员提供一个快速权威的学术交流和发表平台，欢迎关注！
公众号团队小编招募长期开放，欢迎发送自我简介（含教育背景、研究方向等内容）至wechat@applied-energy.org
点击“阅读原文”
喜欢我们的内容？
点个“赞”或者“再看”支持下吧！
阅读原文
