《JAERE》2024年9月刊导读

文摘 2024-08-28 08:15 江西

JAERE

Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (JAERE)于2014年创刊，是环境与资源经济学家协会(Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, AERE)主办的双月刊，是资源与环境经济学领域公认的国际顶级期刊。

2024年9月

1. 中国的管理实践和气候政策

2. 自然灾害和极端天气对家庭居住地点选择和经济福利的影响

3. 环境政策不确定性

4. 气候政策的自私激励：赋予年轻人权力！

5. 地下水定价的动态影响

6. 环境与区域发展政策：来自中国中部崛起计划的证据

7. 促进节能型家用电器的销售：返利计划的结果和成本效益

8. 环境质量的区域异质性：企业生产网络和贸易的作用

概览

题目：Management Practices and Climate Policy in China（中国的管理实践和气候政策）

作者：Soo Keong Yong, Ulrich J. Wagner, Peiyao Shen, Laure de Preux, Mirabelle Muûls, Ralf Martin, Jing Cao

摘要：We investigate how management quality moderates the impact of carbon pricing on Chinese firms. Based on interviews with managers and lead engineers at manufacturing firms in Hubei and Beijing, we construct a novel index of climate-change-related management practices and link it to firm data from various sources. We document higher average productivity and more green innovation among firms that are well managed according to the index. In an event study of the introduction of regional cap-and-trade schemes for CO2, we analyze how management quality interacts with treatment. While treated firms reduced coal consumption more than control firms, this effect is statistically significant only for well-managed firms. The reduction could have been 25% greater if badly managed firms had been well managed. Our study highlights that good management practices, in particular energy monitoring, enhance the effectiveness of market-based climate policies by enabling firms to rationally comply with those policies.

我们研究管理质量如何调节碳定价对中国企业的影响。基于对湖北和北京制造业企业的管理人员和首席工程师的采访，我们构建了一组全新的与气候变化相关的管理实践指数，并将其与各种来源的企业数据进行匹配。根据该指数，我们揭示了管理良好的企业平均生产率更高、绿色创新更多。在对区域二氧化碳配额交易体系的事件研究中，我们分析了管理质量与配额交易事件之间的相互作用。尽管处理组的企业比控制组的企业减少了更多的煤炭消耗，但这种影响仅在管理良好的企业中具有统计显著性。如果管理不善的企业得到良好的管理，减排量可能会增加 25%。我们的研究强调，良好的管理实践，尤其是能源监测，通过使企业能够有序遵守基于市场的气候政策，提高了这些政策的有效性。

原文：Yong, S. K., Wagner, U. J., Shen, P., de Preux, L., Muûls, M., Martin, R., & Cao, J. (2024). Management Practices and Climate Policy in China. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 11(5), 1065–1100. https://doi.org/10.1086/729013

题目：The Effect of Natural Disasters and Extreme Weather on Household Location Choice and Economic Welfare（自然灾害和极端天气对家庭居住地点选择和经济福利的影响）

作者：Douglas H. Wrenn

摘要：Natural disasters have increased in the United States in recent decades. At the same time, there has been a shift in population away from the states in the Northeast and Midwest to areas in the Sun Belt, many of which face increased risks from natural disasters. Spatial equilibrium theory predicts that households trade off risk for income in making location decisions. This study estimates a spatial equilibrium model of household location choice to understand these trade-offs. The results show that households require as much as 0.40% of annual household income to endure an additional disaster over the course of a decade. They also show that these values differ substantially depending on household skill level with higher-skill, higher-income households willing to pay three times more in annual income to avoid an additional natural disaster. These results have important implications for policymakers thinking about climate change adaptation and environmental justice.

近几十年来，美国的自然灾害不断增多。与此同时，人口从东北部和中西部各州转移到阳光地带，其中许多地区面临着更大的自然灾害风险。空间均衡理论预测，家庭在做出居住地点决策时会权衡风险和收益。本研究通过估计了一个家庭地点选择的空间均衡模来理解这些权衡。结果表明，家庭需要花费 0.40% 的年收入才能在十年内承受一次额外的灾难。研究结果还表明，这一数值因不同技能水平的家庭而存在很大差异，技能水平较高、收入较高的家庭愿意支付三倍以上的年收入来避免一次额外的自然灾害。这些结果对于制定气候变化适应性和环境正义的政策而言具有重要意义。

原文：Wrenn, D. H. (2024). The Effect of Natural Disasters and Extreme Weather on Household Location Choice and Economic Welfare. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 11(5), 1101–1134. https://doi.org/10.1086/728887

题目：Environmental Policy Uncertainty（环境政策不确定性）

作者：Himadri Palikhe, Georg Schaur, Charles Sims

摘要：We construct a newspaper-based measure of environmental policy uncertainty in which increases in the number of articles that mention environment-related keywords and the words “uncertain” and “uncertainty” represent an increase in environmental policy uncertainty. To validate our measure, we provide evidence that it captures major environmental policy events and that an increase in environmental policy uncertainty lowers firm-level investment in industries sensitive to environmental policies. Therefore, we provide a new measure of environmental policy uncertainty that predicts economic indicators consistent with existing theory, can be continuously monitored to inform policymakers and industry leaders of the consequences of the policymaking process, and can be applied in empirical work to examine and account for environmental policy uncertainty.

我们构建了一个环境政策不确定性衡量指标，以报纸中同时提及环境相关关键词和“不确定性”的文章数量增加代表环境政策不确定性增加。为了验证我们的衡量指标，我们证明了该指标捕捉到了重大的环境政策事件，并且环境政策不确定性的增加会降低企业对环境政策敏感行业的投资。因此，我们提供了一种新的环境政策不确定性衡量指标，该指标是与现有理论一致的经济预测指标，不仅可以持续监测并为政策制定者和行业领导者提供政策制定过程的后果，还可以应用于实证研究以检查和解释环境政策不确定性。

原文：Palikhe, H., Schaur, G., & Sims, C. (2024). Environmental Policy Uncertainty. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 11(5), 1135–1163. https://doi.org/10.1086/729529

题目：Selfish Incentives for Climate Policy: Empower the Young!（气候政策的自私激励：赋予年轻人权力！）

作者：Larry Karp, Alesandro Peri, Armon Rezai

摘要：Reduced carbon emissions can improve the climate, raising young people’s future income and altering old people’s wealth via changes in asset prices. We show that a small level of abatement changes the old and young generations’ welfare in the same direction if and only if their elasticities of intertemporal substitution exceed one. Endogenous asset prices can change the sign and magnitude of the generations’ selfish incentives to undertake climate policy. Our quantitative model shows that the young generation’s concern for future consumption significantly reduces the equilibrium carbon trajectory, but the endogeneity of asset prices has a small effect.

减少碳排放可以改善气候，提高年轻人的未来收入，并通过资产价格的变化改变老年人的财富。我们的研究结果表明，只有老年人和年轻人的跨期替代弹性超过1时，小规模减排才能使老年人和年轻人的福利朝着同一个方向变化。内生资产价格可以改变代际间采取气候政策的自私动机的方向和强度。我们的定量模型表明，年轻一代对未来消费的关注显著降低了均衡碳足迹。相比之下，资产价格的内生性对碳足迹影响较小。

原文：Karp, L., Peri, A., & Rezai, A. (2024). Selfish Incentives for Climate Policy: Empower the Young! Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 11(5), 1165–1200. https://doi.org/10.1086/728740

题目：The Dynamic Impacts of Pricing Groundwater（地下水定价的动态影响）

作者：Ellen M. Bruno, Katrina K. Jessoe, W. Michael Hanemann

摘要：This study evaluates own-price dynamics in taxing environmental externalities. We exploit a natural experiment that exposed some firms to a large and persistent price increase for groundwater, a setting characterized by incomplete markets. Using five years of posttreatment data on farm-level water use, we find that water conservation doubles between the first and fifth year of the tax. Failure to account for dynamics in policies designed to manage groundwater will mischaracterize the price elasticity of demand and introduce efficiency costs.

本研究评估了对环境外部性征税的自身价格动态。我们运用了一个非完全市场的自然实验，让一些企业面临地下水价格持续大幅上涨的风险。我们使用五年期的农场级用水的后处理数据，发现在征税的第一年和第五年间节水增加了一倍。如果不正确解读地下水管理政策的动态影响，将会错误描述需求价格弹性并带来效率成本。

原文：Bruno, E. M., Jessoe, K. K., & Hanemann, W. M. (2024). The Dynamic Impacts of Pricing Groundwater. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 11(5), 1201-1227. https://doi.org/10.1086/728988

题目：Environmental and Regional Economic Development Policy: Evidence from the Rise of Central China Program（环境与区域发展政策：来自中国中部崛起计划的证据）

作者：Chunbo Ma, Jianxin Wu, Junji Xiao, Xiaoling Zhan

摘要：Although policies that target underperforming regions are widely used by governments to reduce poverty, little effort has been made to evaluate the environmental consequences of such policies. This study examines the unintended environmental effects of a prominent regional economic development policy—the Rise of Central China program—using a boundary discontinuity design and a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach. We find that water-polluting production activities in program-targeted central regions grow much faster than less water-polluting activities relative to nontargeted eastern regions. Since the targeted regions are located upstream of the three major rivers in China, poorer residents in Central China and a larger proportion of the main river basins are exposed to harmful water pollution ex post the policy.

尽管各国政府广泛对欠发达地区采用政策以减少贫困，但少有研究评估这些政策对环境造成的影响。本研究使用边界不连续设计和三重差分法检验了一项著名的区域经济发展政策—中国中部崛起计划—的计划外环境影响。我们发现，水污染较高（目标的中心区域）的生产活动的增长速度远远快于水污染较少（非目标的东部区域）的生产活动。由于目标区域位于中国三大主要河流的上游，政策实施后，中部地区的贫困居民以及较大比例的主要流域居民暴露在有害水污染中。

原文：Ma, C., Wu, J., Xiao, J., & Zhan, X. (2024). Environmental and Regional Economic Development Policy: Evidence from the Rise of Central China Program. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 11(5), 1229-1273. https://doi.org/10.1086/728792

题目：Promoting Sales of Energy Efficient Household Appliances: Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness of Rebate Programs（促进节能型家用电器的销售：返利计划的结果和成本效益）

作者：Thiess Buettner, Boryana Madzharova

摘要：This study examines rebate programs aiming at the replacement of household appliances with more efficient products in terms of energy consumption. Based on a large product-level data set for several European countries, the study examines their effects on unit sales and prices. The empirical identification strategy exploits the temporary implementation of the rebates in regional segments of the EU’s common market. The results for unit sales indicate that rebates can be an effective instrument for stimulating replacements with more energy efficient appliances. While the strength of the effects on unit sales proves sensitive to program design, we find only limited evidence of intertemporal substitution. Price effects are modest, implying that the subsidies are mostly passed on to consumers. Considering actual energy savings, we find a large variation across programs and identify key factors driving cost-effectiveness.

本研究考察了旨在用能源消耗效率更高的家用电器替代旧产品的返利计划。基于一个欧洲国家大型产品级的数据集，本研究考察了返利计划对单位销量和价格的影响。文章的实证识别策略利用了欧盟共同市场的不同地区临时实施该返利计划的情况。单位销量的结果表明，返利可以成为刺激更换为更加节能的电器的有效工具。虽然单位销售量的效果强度受到计划设计强度的影响，但是我们只发现了有限的跨期替代的证据。其中，价格效应较小，意味着补贴主要传递给了消费者。此外，在考虑实际节能的效果时，我们发现不同计划的结果之间存在较大差异，并确定了成本效益的关键驱动因素。

原文：Buettner, T., & Madzharova, B. (2024). Promoting Sales of Energy Efficient Household Appliances: Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness of Rebate Programs. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 11(5), 1275-1310. https://doi.org/10.1086/728610

题目：Regional Heterogeneity in Environmental Quality: The Role of Firm Production Networks and Trade（环境质量的区域异质性：企业生产网络和贸易的作用）

作者：Doyoung Park, Jacob Howard, William Ridley

摘要：We study how globalization shapes regional environmental accounts by developing a general equilibrium model capturing the effect of trade liberalization on the spatial distribution of firms and regional disparities in environmental quality within countries in a setting of multistage firm-to-firm trade. Reductions in trade costs cause more firms to collocate in regions with better access to foreign markets. Consequently, more pollution is generated in such regions while spatial selection and outsourcing activities through endogenously established production networks lower these regions’ emission intensities. Additionally, we establish that reductions in international trade costs give rise to a positive environmental spatial spillover effect mediated through networks, which reduces disparities in emission intensities between regions with differential access to foreign markets. Our findings thus highlight the role of supply networks between firms as a key factor linking globalization and differences in regional environmental quality.

我们构建了一个企业间贸易的多阶段一般均衡模型，以捕捉贸易自由化对国家内部企业空间分布和区域环境质量差异的影响，从而研究全球化如何塑造区域环境账户。降低贸易成本可能导致更多企业聚集在更容易进入外国市场的地区，导致这些地区产生了更多的污染，但是通过内生建立的生产网络的空间选择和外包活动降低了这类地区的排放强度。此外，我们证实了国际贸易成本下降会通过（供应）网络引起正向的环境空间溢出效应，从而减少了不同市场接入程度之间排放强度的差异。因此，我们的发现强调了企业间供应网络在链接全球化和区域环境质量差异之间的关键作用。

原文：Park, D., Howard, J., & Ridley, W. (2024). Regional Heterogeneity in Environmental Quality: The Role of Firm Production Networks and Trade. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 11(5), 1311-1349. https://doi.org/10.1086/729124

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能源经济与环境管理研究室（The Laboratory of Energy Economics and Environmental Management，E3M）成立于2017年，是香港地区第一个致力于能源和环境问题经济分析的实验室，探讨了经济、能源和环境之间的相互作用，为全球变化时代下的经济发展制定可持续的智能增长框架铺平道路。

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本期作者：林安岚，香港城市大学博士生

孙傲，中国人民大学博士生

本期责编：李强，香港城市大学博士生

本期主编：董涵敏，华中师范大学讲师