【致思篇】UTD24/FT50中的供应链与可持续发展

文摘其他 2024-09-25 08:03 中国香港

致思‍‍‍‍‍‍

子曰：“於斯致思，无所不至。”《笔墨之林·致思篇》作为本公众号推出的新栏目，将进一步聚焦能源与可持续发展领域，每期围绕一个研究主题，撷取近期发表在UTD24与FT50期刊的相关研究，追踪学术热点，把握研究动态。

本期主题：供应链与可持续发展

供应链网络以中间商品为纽带，促进了企业之间的直接经济联系，并加速知识、信息和技术的传播，为经济增长带来了专业化生产和垂直化分工的红利。然而，气候变化背景下，全球极端天气和自然灾害频发，给供应链的可持续发展带来严峻挑战。

气候风险和自然灾害往往能够通过供应链网络传播，带来巨大的间接经济损失，广泛影响全球企业的生产和经营决策。例如，飓风、洪水和野火等自然灾害的频率和强度增加，可能破坏生产和交通基础设施，导致供应链中断；极端天气事件和海平面上升导致运输延误和成本增加；水、能源和原材料等资源的短缺进一步增加了供应链的不确定性。同时，上下游企业对可持续产品和服务的需求不断增加，迫使企业调整供应链策略，提升供应链透明度，通过强化环境绩效、减少碳排放、促进创新等方式积极承担企业社会责任，进而提高市场竞争力和改善品牌形象。因此，如何有效应对气候变化及其引发的自然灾害的影响，增强供应链网络韧性，实现供应链网络的可持续发展，成为企业和政府亟待解决的关键问题。

本期推荐的八篇文章，试图从供应链可持续发展的角度理解气候变化，自然灾害及地缘政治风险的经济影响。文章主要聚焦于供应链网络冲击及其带来的负面影响，企业为应对这些调整所采取的适应性策略，以及绿色信息和技术在供应链网络中的扩散机制。通过揭示环境绩效、企业社会责任和创新在供应链网络中的扩散机制，这些文章为企业的供应链管理实践和政府促进供应链可持续发展提供政策建议。

本期目录

全球供应链网络中的气候变化和适应 (RFS)
绿色联系：企业网络与环境绩效 (RF)
客户环境披露和供应商温室气体排放：信号理论的视角 (JOM)
供应链温室气体排放泄漏与供应商创新 (POM)
效仿还是搭便车? 供应链中CSR传播与客户-供应商封闭的关系视角 (JOM)
企业客户是否更喜欢有社会责任感的供应商？基于利益相关者理论的视角 (JBE)
在地缘政治冲突中锁定海外买家 (JOM)
恐怖袭击对供应商-客户关系的影响 (POM)

题目：Climate change and adaptation in global supply-chain networks (全球供应链网络中的气候变化和适应)

作者：Nora M. C. Pankratz, Christoph M. Schiller

摘要：This paper examines how physical climate exposure affects firm performance and global supply chains. We document that heat at supplier locations reduces the operating income of suppliers and their customers. Further, customers respond to perceived changes in suppliers’ exposure: when suppliers’ realized exposure exceeds ex ante expectations, customers are 7% more likely to terminate supplier relationships. Consistent with experience-based learning, this effect increases with signal strength and repetition and decreases with country-level climate adaptation. Subsequent replacement suppliers show a lower expected and realized but similar projected heat exposure. We find similar results for suppliers’ exposure to floods.

本文研究了物理气候暴露如何影响企业绩效和全球供应链。我们发现，供应商所在地的高温降低了供应商及其客户的营业收入。此外，客户会对供应商暴露的感知变化做出调整：当供应商的实际暴露超过事前预期时，客户终止供应商关系的可能性增加7%。与基于经验的学习一致，这种影响随着信号强度和重复性的增加而增加，随着国家级的气候适应而减少。客户在更换供应商时，选择的替代供应商通常具有较低的预期和实际气候暴露，但其热暴露的预测值依然相似。我们发现供应商的洪水暴露也有类似的结果。

原文：Pankratz, N. & Schiller, C. (2024). Climate Change and Adaptation in Global Supply-Chain Networks. The Review of Financial Studies, 37(6), 1729–1777.

https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhad093

点击链接查看往期【笔墨之林】RFS: 弃旧图新 —— 气候变化与全球供应链网络的适应性

题目：Green links: corporate networks and environmental performance (绿色联系：企业网络与环境绩效)

作者：Hossein Asgharian, Michał Dzieliński, Zahra Hashemzadeh, Lu Liu

摘要：We investigate the propagation of environmental performance among competitors and in customer–supplier relationships. We find a significant causal effect among competitors, while the propagation from customers to suppliers and vice versa appears insignificant or does not survive identification tests. The effect is stronger among firms in highly concentrated competitor networks and toward firms with less market and bargaining power than their competitors. We also find significantly stronger propagation of environmental performance among competitors engaged in joint research and development activity. These results show that the propagation stems from both competitive pressure and technological spillover. Importantly, we find that propagation is strong when the competitor improves its environmental performance and when the firm’s own environmental performance is poor initially, alleviating concerns that improvements in performance are concentrated among firms, which are already green. Overall, network effects among competing firms are a significant force shaping environmental performance, and a force mostly for good.

我们研究了环境绩效在竞争对手之间以及客户与供应商之间的传导效应。结果表明，竞争对手之间的环境绩效存在显著的因果关系，而从客户到供应商和从供应商到客户间的传播较弱，甚至无法通过识别检验。在竞争对手网络高度集中的企业间，以及在市场和议价较弱的企业间，这种传导效应更为明显。而在参与联合研发活动的竞争对手间，环境绩效的传播效应尤为显著。上述结果表明，竞争压力和技术溢出是传导效应的主要来源。当竞争对手改善其环境绩效，而企业自身环境绩效较差时，这种传导效应更为强烈。这一发现减轻了对环境绩效改进仅集中在原本绿色公司的担忧。竞争对手之间的网络效应是推动环境绩效改善的重要因素，且整体上呈现积极影响。

原文：Asgharian, H., Dzieliński, M., Hashemzadeh, Z., & Liu, L. (2023). Green Links: Corporate Networks and Environmental Performance. Review of Finance, 28(3), 1027–1058.

https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfad042

题目：Customer base environmental disclosure and supplier greenhouse gas emissions: A signaling theory perspective (客户环境披露和供应商温室气体排放：信号理论的视角)

作者：Sining Song, Jie Lian, Keith Skowronski, Tingting Yan

摘要：As suppliers' emissions contribute to a significant portion of the global environmental footprint, achieving supply chain wide carbon neutrality largely depends on suppliers' greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Although suppliers' customers are increasingly signaling their commitment to tackling climate change through environmental disclosure, whether this signal contributes to supplier emissions reduction remains a question. Using signaling theory, this research proposes an emissions-reducing effect of customer base environmental disclosure on a supplier's GHG emissions level. Using a 2010–2017 panel dataset from multiple sources, we find empirical evidence supporting the upstream emissions-reducing effect of customer base environmental disclosure. Further, we identify two customer-base characteristics that affect this relationship: customer base climate innovation and competition. These findings contribute to the sustainable supply chain management literature by illustrating the effects of the customer base on supplier emissions performance. Specifically, customers could motivate a supplier's engagement in emissions reduction by collectively signaling their environmental commitment through enhanced disclosure. However, the effectiveness of this signaling effect can be contingent on the green innovation and competitive dynamics of the customer base.

供应商的排放占全球环境足迹的很大一部分，实现供应链的碳中和在很大程度上取决于供应商的温室气体 (GHG) 减排。尽管越来越多的下游客户通过环境披露来表明他们致力于应对气候变化，但这些披露信号是否会有效激励上游供应商减排仍未有定论。基于信号理论，本文提出了一种温室气体减排效应，即客户环境披露会促使其供应商降低温室气体排放水平。使用2010至2017年间多种来源的数据，我们发现了支撑客户环境披露促使供应商减排的实证证据。此外，我们识别了两个影响这种关系的客户特征：气候创新和市场竞争。这些结果展示了客户对供应商排放绩效的影响，丰富了可持续供应链管理的相关文献。客户通过加强披露表明他们的环境承诺，从而激励供应商参与减排。然而，这种信号效应的有效性可能受到客户群的绿色创新和竞争动态的影响。

原文：Song, S., Lian, J., Skowronski, K., & Yan, T. (2024). Customer Base EnvironMental Disclosure and Supplier Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Signaling Theory Perspective. Journal of Operations Management, 70(3), 355–380.

https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1272

题目：Supply chain leakage of greenhouse gas emissions and supplier innovation (供应链温室气体排放泄漏与供应商创新)

作者：Sining Song, Yan Dong, Thomas Kull, Craig Carter, Kefeng Xu

摘要：Climate change is a major global risk and a key driver for greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Yet, firms’ internal emissions reduction may create a leakage leading to higher emissions in the supply chain. The related literature suggests that the pollution-haven hypothesis explains such emissions leakage. In contrast, we explore an alternative reason for supply chain leakage, which is related to optimization of supply chain activities and supply chain innovation. Based on panel data from Bloomberg Environmental, Social, and Governance and Bloomberg Supply Chain, we estimate our models at a dyadic (i.e., firm and supplier) level using two-way cluster-robust standard error, treating various sources of endogeneity. We find empirical evidence of a supply chain leakage effect—a higher level of a supplier's emissions is associated with a lower level of a firm's internal emissions. More importantly, the supplier's innovation can be a major reason behind the leakage; the supply chain leakage effect is stronger when a supplier is more innovative. Furthermore, the role of innovation is strengthened when a supplier invests in eco-innovation and has technological capabilities similar to those of the focal firm. Our findings suggest that supply chain leakage may not be completely driven by the pollution-haven effect, but instead is associated with supply chain optimization and innovation that may be beneficial in the long run.

气候变化是全球面临的主要风险和温室气体减排的关键驱动因素。然而，企业内部减排可能会导致供应链上其他环节的排放量增加，即排放泄漏。相关文献表明，污染天堂假说可以解释这种排放泄漏。在此基础上，我们探讨了供应链泄露的另一成因，即供应链活动的优化和创新。基于彭博ESG以及彭博供应链的面板数据，我们使用双向聚类稳健标准误在企业和供应商层面估计，并处理多种内生性问题。我们发现了供应链泄漏效应的实证证据——供应商的排放量越高，企业的内部排放量越低。更重要的是，供应商的创新可能是泄漏的主要原因；当供应商更具创新性时，供应链泄漏效应就更加显著。此外，当供应商投资于生态创新，并拥有与焦点企业相似的技术能力时，创新的作用会进一步加强。我们的研究结果表明，供应链泄漏可能不仅由污染天堂效应驱动，还与供应链优化和创新有关，这些因素在长期内是有益的。

原文：Song, S., Dong, Y., Kull, T., Carter, C., & Xu, K. (2023). Supply Chain Leakage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Supplier Innovation. Production and Operations Management, 32, 882–903.

https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13904

题目：Follow-suit or free-ride? A relational view of CSR diffusion in a supply chain with customer–supplier closure (效仿还是搭便车？供应链中CSR传播与客户-供应商封闭的关系视角)

作者：Ellie C. Falcone, Tingting Yan, Brian S. Fugate

摘要：Embedded in networks of relationships, firms are who they buy from and sell to. As a result, a firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices can be influenced by CSR practices of its customers and suppliers—known as CSR diffusion. This study examines how CSR diffuses in a supply chain that encompasses a focal firm, its suppliers, and customers. Adopting a relational view, this research hypothesizes that a firm's CSR is influenced by its customer-base CSR differently than its supply-base CSR. By analyzing panel data consisting of 1972 firm-year observations integrated from multiple data sources, the results offer evidence for a positive impact of customer-base CSR and a negative impact of supply-base CSR on firm CSR. Interestingly, when customers and suppliers of a focal firm establish direct business connections (i.e., customer–supplier closure), the positive follow-suit effect of customer-base CSR is enhanced. In contrast, the negative free-ride effect of supply-base CSR is diminished. This suggests that a focal firm is more likely to embrace CSR practices from CSR-active supply chain partners when embedded in closed triads. This research shows the need to consider the directionality and closure of relationships in understanding the diffusion of voluntary, ill-defined, costly operational practices within a supply chain.

企业在关系网络中的同时扮演着买方和卖方的角色。因此，企业的社会责任 (CSR) 可能会受到其上下游企业 CSR 的影响，这种现象被称为CSR扩散。本文考察了 CSR 如何在由焦点企业、供应商和客户组成的供应链中扩散。本研究从关系视角切入，假设企业对客户和供应商CSR的响应存在显著差异。通过分析由来自多个数据源的1972个企业-年观测值的面板数据，本研究证明客户CSR对企业CSR 有积极影响，而供应商CSR呈现出消极影响。有趣的是，当焦点企业的客户和供应商存在直接业务联系（即客户-供应商关系）时，客户的CSR 的正面示范效应会增强，而供应商CSR的负面搭便车效应会减弱。这一发现表明，当焦点企业处于封闭的三方关系中时，他们更有可能接受那些积极履行CSR的供应链伙伴的做法。本文强调，在理解供应链中自愿、模糊且成本高昂的运营实践扩散时，需要考虑关系的方向性和封闭性。

原文：Falcone, E. C., Yan, T., & Fugate, B. S. (2024). Follow-suit or Free-ride? A Relational View of CSR Diffusion in a Supply Chain With Customer–Supplier Closure. Journal of Operations Management, 70(6), 979–1006.

https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1319

题目：Do corporate customers prefer socially responsible suppliers? An instrumental stakeholder theory perspective (企业客户是否更喜欢有社会责任感的供应商？基于利益相关者理论的视角)

作者：Ran Tao, Jian Wu, Hong Zhao

摘要：This paper studies the way supplier firms' corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects their likelihood of being selected as new suppliers. Using a large sample of US public firms with detailed supply chain and CSR data, we provide empirical evidence that corporate customers prefer socially responsible suppliers, and that the effect is more prominent when the supplier industry is more competitive, the customer’s own CSR performance is better, or the supplier and the customer have more similar CSR focuses. Our paper contributes to the literature of instrumental stakeholder theory (IST) by confirming corporate customer attraction as a desirable outcome of supplier CSR engagement. It complements the existing IST studies on customer responses by showing that CSR attracts not only final customers but also corporate customers. Moreover, by focusing on corporate customers’ revealed preferences for socially responsible suppliers, our paper also complements the stated-preference-based evidence in the literature of sustainable supply chain management. Our paper’s findings encourage supplier firm managers to invest in CSR to gain competitive advantages in the form of a higher likelihood of selection while simultaneously making positive contributions to society.

本文研究了供应商企业的CSR如何影响其被选为新供应商的可能性。基于大量美国上市公司的样本和详细的供应链及CSR数据，我们的实证证据表明，企业客户更倾向于选择具有社会责任感的供应商，尤其在供应商行业竞争更激烈、客户自身的CSR绩效更好，或供应商和客户具有更相似的CSR关注点的情况下，这种影响更为突出。我们为利益相关者理论(IST)的文献做出了贡献，证实了供应商CSR对吸引企业客户的积极作用。我们补充了现有的IST关于客户反应的研究，表面CSR不仅吸引终端客户，也能吸引企业客户。此外，通过关注企业客户对具有社会责任供应商的偏好，我们的研究还补充了可持续供应链管理文献中基于陈述偏好的证据。我们的研究结果鼓励供应商公司管理者加大对CSR的投入，从而在竞争中获得更高的被选中概率，并为社会做出积极贡献。

原文：Tao, R., Wu, J. & Zhao, H. (2023). Do Corporate Customers Prefer Socially Responsible Suppliers? An Instrumental Stakeholder Theory Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 185, 689–712.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05171-5

题目：Locking in overseas buyers amid geopolitical conflicts (在地缘政治冲突中锁定海外买家)

作者：Di Fan, Pengcheng Ma, Lin Cui, Daphne W. Yiu

摘要：Geopolitical conflicts, particularly economic ones, introduce significant uncertainties into the global supply chain. The impact of these conflicts on cross-border buyer–supplier transactions remains underexplored, as does the capability of global suppliers to mitigate such risks by locking in their foreign buyers. Employing a combined perspective of resource dependence theory and transaction cost economics, we examine a natural experiment to investigate the effects of the 2018 U.S.–China trade war on the transactional relationships between Chinese suppliers and their U.S. buyers. Our study reveals that the trade war generally adversely affected these buyer–supplier transactional relationships, leading to a negative abnormal transaction value in the affected dyads, which amounted to 18.42% of their pre-event level. However, we find that this adverse impact can be attenuated when Chinese suppliers demonstrate superior innovation capabilities, higher corporate social responsibility performance, or fewer local political ties. These findings yield insights for international suppliers and buyers on strategies to maintain buyer–supplier transactions and minimize the detrimental effects on global supply chain relationships during geopolitical conflicts.

地缘政治冲突，尤其是经济冲突，给全球供应链带来了极大的不确定性。这些冲突如何对跨境买方-供应商交易产生影响，以及全球供应商通过锁定外国买家来降低此类风险的能力，尚未得到充分探索。结合资源依赖理论和交易成本经济学的视角，我们通过自然实验调查了2018年中美贸易战对中国供应商与其美国买家之间的交易关系的影响。研究结果表明，贸易战通常会对这些中美买卖双方的交易关系产生负面影响，导致受影响双方的交易价值异常降低至事件发生前水平的18.42%。然而，当中国供应商表现出卓越的创新能力、更高的企业社会责任绩效或更少的本地政治联系时，这种不利影响有所削弱。研究结果为国际供应商和买家在地缘政治冲突期间维持交易关系、减少对全球供应链关系的不利影响提供了新的战略性见解。

原文：Fan, D., Ma, P., Cui, L., & Yiu, D. W. (2024). Locking in Overseas Buyers Amid Geopolitical Conflicts. Journal of Operations Management, 70(5), 756–792.

https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1316

题目：The effects of terrorist attacks on supplier–customer relationships (恐怖袭击对供应商-客户关系的影响)

作者：Weiqiang Tan, Wenming Wang, Wenlan Zhang‍‍‍‍

摘要：We examine the causal effects of nearby terrorist attacks on supplier–customer relationships. We find that for supplier firms located near terrorist attacks, the probability of relationship termination with their major customers increases by 2.9 percentage points within two years following the attacks. The major customers’ intensified perceptions of supply chain risk largely drive the relationship termination. Further analyses show that major customers tend to switch to suppliers with lower terrorism risks after they end their relationships with the suppliers near attacks. This study provides new insights into the consequences of terrorism by extending the focus to the response of a key stakeholder group (i.e., trade partners) instead of the attack-afflicted firms per se.

我们研究了恐怖袭击事件对供应商-客户关系的因果影响。我们发现，对于靠近恐怖袭击地点的供应商公司而言，与重要客户的合作关系在袭击后两年内终止的可能性增加了2.9个百分点。这主要是由于重要客户对供应链风险的认知增强。进一步的分析表明，重要客户在终止与袭击地点附近的供应商的合作关系后，往往会转向恐怖主义风险较低的供应商。本研究将重点扩展到关键利益相关者（即贸易伙伴）的反应，而非受袭击影响的公司本身，从而为理解恐怖主义的后果提供了新的见解。

原文：Tan, W., Wang, W., & Zhang, W. (2024). The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Supplier–Customer Relationships. Production and Operations Management, 33(1), 146-165.

https://doi.org/10.1177/10591478231224920

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https://www.cityu.edu.hk/see_eeem

作者：陈立东，香港城市大学博士生

主编：董涵敏，华中师范大学讲师

责编：郝新亚，香港城市大学博士生