每周一题:连续和

文摘   2024-12-12 08:36   加拿大  

本周问题:连续和

连续数是指按顺序依次排列的数字,比如2、3、4和5。我们可以通过连续数的总和来得到某些数字,例如1 + 2 + 3 = 6 或 14 + 15 = 29。

问题1:你能将14写成两个或更多连续正数的和吗?

问题2:小于20的哪些数字无法写成这种形式?有没有规律?

(来源:New Scientist,BrainTwister #43)

原文:

Consecutive numbers are ones that follow on from each other in order, like 2, 3, 4 and 5. We can create certain numbers by adding together runs of consecutive numbers, e.g. 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 or 14 + 15 = 29.

Can you write 14 as a sum of two or more consecutive positive numbers?

Which numbers below 20 cannot be written in this way, and is there a pattern?


上期问题:三个数学家囚犯

三个数学家被囚禁,并被要求玩一个游戏:他们每个人的额头上都会被涂上一个绿色或蓝色的斑点,每种颜色的概率是50%,相互独立。他们必须同时猜测自己斑点的颜色,或者保持沉默。如果没有人猜测,或者有人猜错,他们就会输掉游戏。

问题:

  1. 他们如何制定计划,以确保50%的获胜概率?
  2. 他们如何将获胜概率提高到75%?
  3. 狱卒偷听了数学家的讨论并修改了规则:现在斑点的颜色由狱卒选择(而不是随机分配)。如果每个囚犯都可以抛一次公平硬币,他们能否利用硬币制定修改后的策略,使成功率达到75%?(数学家可以看到所有三枚硬币的结果,但狱卒看不到任何硬币结果。)

答案:

如果囚犯们随机选择一个人发言并进行猜测,他们有50%的成功率。

为了将胜率提高到75%,他们商定:任何一个看到两块相同颜色斑点的人就猜另一种颜色,而看到两块不同颜色斑点的人则不做猜测。这种策略保证了成功,除了当三块斑点的颜色完全相同时(25%的概率)。听到这个策略后,狱卒们决定使用相同颜色的斑点来对付囚犯。

为了破解这一点,囚犯们商定:如果某个囚犯掷硬币结果为正面,他们就将自己的斑点视为实际颜色;如果结果为反面,就将斑点视为相反颜色,从而随机化斑点颜色,使狱卒无法控制。之后,囚犯们按照修改后的颜色继续遵循原先的规则。如果任何一个负责猜测的囚犯掷出了反面,他们还需要将最终答案反转。

原文:

If the prisoners pick one of them to speak, and to guess randomly, they have a 50 per cent chance of success. To win 75 per cent of the time, they agree that any of them who can see two blobs the same colour will guess the opposite colour, but those seeing two differently coloured blobs won’t guess. This will guarantee success except when all three blobs are the same colour (25 per cent probability). After overhearing this strategy, the guards will use the same colour of blob. To beat this, the prisoners agree they will treat the blob of a prisoner who flips heads as the actual colour, but the blob of one who flips tails as the opposite colour, thus randomising the blobs in a way the guards can’t control. The prisoners then follow the usual rules using the modified colours. If any prisoner guessing has flipped tails, they need to reverse the final answer too.

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