2019 年，美国企业为交通事故支付了 722 亿美元，费用包括事故受害者的医疗费用、责任、财产损失和生产力损失。2020 年，美国37% 的在职死亡是由车祸造成的，超过 1,700 名工人死亡。美国的驾校及公司领导者都会要求每位员工在工作需要开车时都参加防御性驾驶/驾驶员安全课程。
一、精神内核
防御性驾驶的 15 条铁则强调-- 耐心、谨慎、一致性！！！
二、15大铁则
1. 出发前做好准备。预留足够的时间以避免匆忙，并留出休息和必要的停车时间。检查您的车辆以确保其正常运行，尤其是如果您不熟悉车辆，包括四处走动并进行目视检查。启动车辆前，调整座椅、后视镜、空调、GPS/方向和音乐，以免在驾驶时受到这些干扰。将手机设置为“请勿打扰”设置以减少干扰。
Prepare before you leave.Build in enough time to avoid rushing and to allow for breaks and needed stops. Check your vehicle to make sure it’s operational, especially if it’s a vehicle you’re unfamiliar with, including walking around and conducting a visual inspection. Before starting the vehicle, adjust seat, mirror, climate control, GPS/directions and music so that you aren’t distracted by these while driving. Switch your cell phone to “do not disturb” setting to limit distractions.
2. 目视前方。具有防御性驾驶技能的驾驶员会观察前方和后方的道路。他们至少提前十秒、四分之一英里或到下一个十字路口进行观察，以确保有足够的时间避开潜在危险，从而确保道路安全。
Look ahead.A driver with defensive driving skills scans the road ahead of them and behind them. They ensure road safety by scanning ahead at least ten seconds, a quarter of a mile, or to the next intersection to ensure they have enough time to avoid potential dangers.
3. 做好应对意外情况的准备。由于司机不知道其他司机会做什么，因此他们必须时刻注意其他人的行为。行为不稳定的司机，例如醉酒司机或使用移动设备的人，可能会突然转向自己的车道或改变速度。司机需要做好快速反应的准备。
Prepare for the unexpected. Because drivers don’t know what other drivers will do, they must keep an eye on the actions of others at all times. Erratic drivers, such as drunk drivers or people on mobile devices, might swerve into their lane or change speeds unexpectedly. Drivers need to be ready to react quickly.
4.不要超速。超速行驶会增加两方面的风险：一是会缩短反应时间，二是如果发生事故，损失会更大。谨慎驾驶的司机会选择尽可能接近交通速度的速度，但不要超过速度限制。如果交通速度很快，而且有咄咄逼人的司机，司机需要靠右行驶，避开道路。
Don’t speed.Driving above the posted speed limit increases risk in two ways: it cuts reaction time and results in more damage if the driver gets in a wreck. A defensive driver chooses a speed matching traffic as closely as possible without exceeding speed limits. If traffic is moving at high speeds and aggressive drivers are present, drivers need to keep to the right and out of the way.
5.不要在醉酒状态下开车。醉酒状态下开车不仅包括醉驾。驾驶员疲劳、生病以及使用药物、酒精和毒品都是潜在的危险，需要在驾驶员上车前考虑这些因素。
Don’t drive when impaired.Driving while impaired includes more than drunk driving. Driver fatigue, illness, and the use of medications, alcohol, and drugs all are possible hazards and need to be considered before a driver gets behind the wheel.
6.一定要系好安全带。系好安全带可将交通事故中的死亡概率降低一半。安全带可起到防撞保护作用，吸收撞击力，防止司机和乘客被甩出车外。
Always wear a seatbelt.Wearing a seatbelt cuts the likelihood of dying in a traffic accident in half. Safety belts provide impact protection, absorb the force of a crash, and keep drivers and their passengers from being thrown out of the vehicle.
7.不要闯红灯。闯红灯的人有三种类型：爱做白日梦的人、分心驾驶的人和鲁莽驾驶的人。这三种类型都会导致车祸。更安全的驾驶员会注意交通信号灯、减速并完全停车。停车标志也是如此。
Don’t run red lights.There are three types of red-light runners—daydreamers, distracted drivers, and aggressive drivers. All three types cause car accidents. A safer driver pays attention to traffic lights, slows down, and comes to a complete stop. The same goes for stop signs.
8.遵守交通法规。基本交通法规将防御性驾驶的概念纳入法典。虽然一般人都了解交通规则，但许多粗心的司机却忽视了这些规则。司机需要遵守法律，因为它们可以让交通以可预测的方式运行。当司机知道其他人要做什么时，他们就可以避免冲突和碰撞。
Follow traffic laws.Basic traffic laws codify the concept of defensive driving. Although the average person understands traffic rules, many careless drivers ignore them. Drivers need to follow the laws because they keep traffic moving in a predictable manner. When drivers know what others are going to do, they avoid conflicts and collisions.
9.留出空间。防御性驾驶员会在车辆周围留出空间。安全跟车距离为 2 至 4 秒，具体取决于交通拥堵或恶劣天气条件等变量。驾驶员通过观察前方车辆经过路边的特定标记来确定安全跟车距离，然后数“一千零一、一千零二等”。如果他们的前保险杠在他们数完之前经过了相同的标记，则说明他们跟车太近了。
Create space. Defensive drivers create space around their vehicles. A safe following distance is two to four seconds depending on variables like heavy traffic or adverse weather conditions. Drivers determine the safe following distance by watching the vehicle ahead of them pass a specific mark on the side of the road, then counting “one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two, etc.” If their front bumper passes the same mark before they finish counting, they’re following too closely.
10.正确发出信号。在错误的时间发出信号通常会导致交通事故。例如，如果司机正在接近十字路口，并计划在十字路口后立即右转进入加油站，如果他们过早发出信号，就会增加发生事故的风险。另一位司机可能会在他们面前左转，因为他们不知道要转向哪里。在跨车道时也要记住这一点，在换车道时发出信号和检查周围的交通情况以及盲点都很重要。
Signal correctly.Signaling at the wrong time often leads to traffic crashes. For example, if a driver is approaching an intersection, and plans to turn right immediately after the intersection into a gas station, they increase the risk of an accident if they signal too soon. Another driver might turn left in front of them because they don’t know where they are turning. Keep this in mind when moving across lanes as well, signaling and checking traffic around you as well as your blind spots are important when changing lanes.
11.了解车辆的盲点。道路使用者在驾驶车队车辆之前需要熟悉车队车辆的最大盲点。大多数车辆的盲区都大到足以隐藏其他车辆，因此在换道前，优秀的防御性驾驶员会转头检查迎面而来的车辆。
Know the vehicle’s blind spots.Road users need to familiarize themselves with the largest blind spots of fleet vehicles before they drive them. The blind areas on most vehicles are large enough to hide other vehicles, so before changing lanes good defensive drivers turn their heads to check for oncoming traffic.
12.避免分心。开车时的潜在危险包括吃东西、喝水、化妆、打手机、调整音乐、与孩子打交道或与乘客交谈。免提设备和蓝牙音频等技术可能会让司机认为开车时同时做多件事是安全的，但人脑一次只能做好一件事。HSI分心驾驶课程培训员工专注于驾驶任务，而不是手机和其他干扰。
Avoid distractions.Potential hazards when driving include eating, drinking, applying makeup, talking on cell phones, adjusting music, dealing with kids, or talking to passengers. Technology like hands-free devices and Bluetooth audio might lead drivers to think it’s safe to multitask while driving, but the human brain can do only one thing at a time well. The HSI Distracted Driving Course trains employees to focus on the task of driving instead of mobile phones and other distractions.
13.注意十字路口。十字路口是任何驾驶员最危险的区域之一。城市中超过 80% 的导致伤亡的碰撞事故都发生在信号灯交叉口内。为降低风险，驾驶员在接近绿灯时必须减速，并确保先左看，再右看，然后再左看。驾驶员面临的第一个危险是从左侧驶来的车辆。如果十字路口是盲区（驾驶员直到非常接近才能看到十字路口的车辆），他们需要进一步减速。记住在没有红绿灯的十字路口让行；防御性驾驶的黄金法则之一是“如果您在十字路口并且不知道是否轮到您通行，请让其他驾驶员先行。”当涉及激进驾驶时，这一点尤为重要。
Beware of intersections.Intersections are one of the most dangerous areas for any driver. More than 80% of all collisions in cities that result in injury or death occur within signal-light intersections. To reduce their risk, drivers must slow down as they approach a green light and make sure to look left, then right, then left again. The first danger to drivers is the traffic approaching from their left. If the intersection is a blind one—where a driver can’t see the traffic on the cross street until they are very close—they need to slow down even more. And remember to yield to other drivers in intersections without stoplights; one of the golden rules of defensive driving is, “If you’re at an intersection and you don’t know if it’s your turn to go, let the other driver go.” This is especially important when aggressive driving is involved.
14.雨天或雪天要减速。经验法则是雨天减速三分之一，雪天减速至少一半。如果可能结冰，则进一步减速。为防止事故发生，请确保车辆轮胎状况良好且充气适当。在湿滑路面上轻轻刹车。不要踩 ABS 刹车。
Take it slow in rain or snow.The rule of thumb is to slow down by a third in the rain, and by at least half in the snow. Reduce speed more if ice may be present. Prevent accidents by making sure your vehicles’ tires are in great shape and that they are inflated properly. Brake lightly on a slippery surface. Do not pump ABS brakes.
15.安全超车。超车是司机每天遇到的最危险的情况之一。超车规则包括不得超速和只在允许超车的地方超车。在超车前，司机需要目视前方和后方的道路。司机在超车前不应紧跟前方车辆。相反，他们应该保持跟车距离，观察前方情况。
Pass safely.Passing is one of the most dangerous situations drivers encounter daily. Rules for passing include not exceeding the speed limit and passing only where it is allowed. Before passing another vehicle, drivers need to visually clear the road ahead and behind them. Drivers should not tailgate before passing. Instead, they should maintain their following distance to see what’s ahead.
