—— 句子种类与句子成分
一、句子的定义:
句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用来表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或叹号。
二、句子的种类和类型
1.句子按其用途可分为四类
1）陈述句，用以陈述事实。I don’t care what she thinks.
2)疑问句，用以提出问题。Your friend is a doctor, isn’t he ? / When do we meet again?
3)祈使句，用以表示命令，请求等。Have a good sleep and think it over.
4）感叹句，用以表示各种强烈的感情。What a coincidence to meet in San Francisco!
2.句子按其结构分为四种形式
1）简单句，由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。
The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.
2)并列句，由两个或两个以上的简单句（分句）组成。
结构：⑴分句+并列连词+分句
⑵分句；分句（此结构中，分号相当于并列连词，且第二个分句的第一个字母不大写。）
Cotton is falling in prices, and buyers hold off.
Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pies.
3)复合句，由主句和其他从句组成。
结构：主句+从属连词-从句； 从属连词-从句+主句
注：分析主从句时，应先找出主句，再判断从句类型。
He was an old man who wore thick glasses.
4）并列复合句，即含有复合句的并列句。
结构：主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+主句+从属连词+从句。
主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+分句。
注：此句型中，并列连词起连接作用，连接前后复句或分句，因此应分别分析前后复句。
翻译：
1) The advertisement said the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.
2) I ask a man who has a wife and 3 children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.
三、句子成分
（一）五种基本句型：
1）主语+谓语
2）主语+谓语+宾语
3）主语+系动词+表语
4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(宾语补足语)
（二）句子成分：
1.主语：是一个句子所叙说的主体。主语的位置一般在句首，一般不省略。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。（注：祈使句无主语，但隐含一个主语you,常表两人面对面说话，已知说话对象，所以无需加主语）例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
找出下面句子的主语：
1) Children grow very fast.
2) Nobody knows who took the key.
3) Three plus five equals eight.
4) My brother gave me two books. The first was a novel.
5) To see is to believe.
6) Looking up all the words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.
7) The blind are well cared for in our country.
8) How to do it well is an important question.
9) What he said is quite true.
10) That the sun rises in the east is common knowledge.
注：一般情况下，主语在谓语前面，即自然语序（陈述句语序），还有一种倒装语序，即谓语在前，主语在其后。
翻译：Hardly had they reached home when it began to snow.
2.谓语：谓语或谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词/情态动词/be+主要动词）构成。
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
找出下面句子的谓语：
1) What happened?
2) The plane took off at 10 o’clock.
3) We were beaten by their team.
4) You can do it if you try hard.
3.表语：说明或表述主语的身份、特征和状态的，位置在系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
找出下列句子的表语：
1) Africa is a big continent.
2) My father became an army officer during the Anti-Japanese War.
3) Oh, it’s you.
4) Our teacher was satisfied with my work.
5) Three times five is fifteen.
6) She was the third to arrive.
7) Our chief method is to learn English through practice.
8) Their job is teaching English.
9) The patient is out of danger.
10) I must be off now.
11) What surprised us most was that he spoke Chinese so well.
4.宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受着。宾语一般放在vt.或prep.之后。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
找出下列句子的宾语：
1) He takes a cold bath every morning.
2) All of us like him.
3) Give me four.
4) He began to learn English a year ago.
5) Do you mind my opening the window?
6) They teach the blind to read Braille.
7) He did not know what to say.
8) I wonder if you’d like to go with us.
9) Before the sales started, I made a list of what my kids would need for the coming season.
5.宾语补足语: 在宾语的后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
找出下列句子的宾补：
1) We made him our monitor.
2) I don’t believe the story true.
3) He found the meeting over when he arrived there.
4) You should put your things in order.
5) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
6) We saw the pupils playing basketball.
7) He tried to make himself understood.
6.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。单词作定语时常放在它所修饰的n.之前，但修饰复合代词（即nothing, anything, everything, something等）时，放在其后。短语和从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的n.之后。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
找出下列句子的定语：
1) We will build our motherland into a great modern socialist country.
2) I have something important to tell you.
3) There are few women workers in the factory.
4) The oil workers here come from Daqing.
5) We have got ten desks in the room.
6) Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science.
7) As he has a lot of work to do, he is often the last one to leave the office after work.
8) This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday.
9) The girl playing the violin is Li’s younger sister.
10) The dormitory built last year is for post-graduate.
7.同位语：在一个n.或pron.后面，对前面的性质或情况作进一步说明，这样的词或结构叫做同位语。结构：n./pron.+同位语。找出下面句子里的同位语：
1) They girls may go there by bus.
2) This is Miss Green, the new English teacher.
3) We all wanted to see her.
4) You three go and look for it in your room.
5) You may leave this work to us two.
6) We are facing the question whether he has known it.
8.状语: 修饰v., adj., adv., 介词短语，从句或全句的成分是状语。修饰adj.的状语常放adj.之前，修饰v.的状语常放v.之后。但有些表频率的adv.(如often, always, usually等)作状语时，则放行为动词之前。
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
找出下列句子的状语：
1) He knows how to teach English properly.
2) My parents often tell us about their life in the past.
3) We have been best friends since primary school.
4) He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.
5) He came here to see his parents.
6) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful.
7) He heard some noises when he was reading.
注: 1）掌握五种基本句型，记住每个句子成分的位置，造句就不会语法错误。
2）读长难句时，要先找句子主干，再看修饰成分和短语（固定结构），句子意思便一目了然。
翻译：
1) He made a lot of scientific discoveries that he shared with the world, particular in the field of astronomy.
2) In 1985, there was little rainfall in Ethiopia, which led to destroyed harvests and killed cattle.
3) The severity of this catastrophe shocked Bob Geldof, an Irish musician who organized a charity concert called Live Aid to raise money for famine victims in Ethiopia.
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