2023年新课标全国I卷
第二部分 阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
自行车租赁和带导游的游览
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
欢迎来到阿姆斯特丹，欢迎来到MacBike。骑在自行车上你看到的会更多!骑自行车是探索这座城市最经济、最可持续、最有趣的方式，这里有美丽的运河、公园、广场和无数的灯光。你也可以沿着阿姆斯特丹郊外美丽的风景骑车。
Why MacBike
为什么选择MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
MacBike成立近30年，是阿姆斯特丹最大的自行车租赁公司。我们的五家租赁商店，在重要位置存放了2500多辆自行车，确保您随时都有一辆自行车可用。我们提供各种各样的最新自行车，包括带脚刹车的低配自行车、带手刹车和齿轮的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车和儿童自行车。
strategic adj.战略的；重要的
Prices
价格
Hand Brake, Three Gears 手刹，三挡 | Foot Brake, No Gears 脚刹，无挡 | |
1 hour 1小时 | €7.50 7.50欧元 | €5.00 5.00欧元 |
3 hours 3小时 | €11.00 11.00欧元 | €7.50 7.50欧元 |
1 day (24 hours) 一天(24小时) | €14.75 14.75欧元 | €9.75 9.75欧元 |
Each additional day 每多一天 | €8.00 8.00欧元 | €6.00 6.00欧元 |
Guided City Tours
带导游的城市观光
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
2.5小时的行程包括Gooyer风车、Skinny Bridge、Rijksmuseum、Heineken Brewery等等。每天下午1点开始，每小时整点从大坝广场出发。你可以在MacBike商店买票，也可以在网上订票。
21. What is an advantage of MacBike?
MacBike的一个优势是什么？
A. It gives children a discount.
它给孩子们打折。
B. It offers many types of bikes.
它提供许多类型的自行车。
C. It organizes free cycle tours.
它组织免费的自行车旅行。
D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.
它有2500多家租赁店。
【答案】 B
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?
租一辆手刹三档自行车两天多少钱？
A. €15.75.
B. €19.50.
C. €22.75.
D. €29.50.
【答案】 C
23. Where does the guided city tour start?
有导游的城市观光从哪里开始？
A. The Gooyer, Windmill.
B. The Skinny Bridge.
C. Heineken Brewery.
D. Dam Square.
【答案】 D
B
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索他家周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪在流经植物和微小生物栖息的岩石后，常常变得清澈。当他长大后，约翰开始想知道这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的污垢。
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
在大学里学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又开始观察自然并提出问题。为什么某些植物可以抑制有害细菌?哪种鱼可以吃掉致癌化学物质？他认为，通过动物和植物的正确组合，也许他可以像大自然一样清理废物。他决定建造一台他后来称之为生态机器的东西。
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
约翰给自己设定的任务是清除一些污泥中的有害物质。首先，他建造了一系列相互连接的透明玻璃纤维水箱。然后他去了当地的池塘和小溪，带回了一些植物和动物。他把它们放在水箱里，等待着。渐渐地，这些不同种类的生命适应了彼此，并形成了它们自己的生态系统。几周后，约翰加入了污泥。
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的植物和动物以污泥为食，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，剩下的只有干净的水。
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
这些年来，约翰承担了许多重要的工作。他开发了一种类似温室的设施，来处理来自南伯灵顿的1600户人家的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来净化中国东南部城市福州的运河的水。
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
“生态设计”是约翰给自己的工作取的名字。“对发明家来说，地球上的生命就像是一盒备用零件，”他说。“你把有机体放在新的关系中，观察发生了什么。然后你让这些新系统发展出自己自我修复的方式。”
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?
从前两段我们可以了解到约翰的什么?
A. He was fond of traveling.
他喜欢旅行。
B. He enjoyed being alone.
他喜欢独处。
C. He had an inquiring mind.
他有好学的头脑。
D. He longed to be a doctor.
他渴望成为一名医生。
【答案】 C
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?
约翰为什么把污泥放进罐子里?
A. To feed the animals.
喂动物。
B. To build an ecosystem.
建立一个生态系统。
C. To protect the plants.
保护植物。
D. To test the eco-machine.
测试生态机器。
【答案】 D
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?
作者提到福州的目的是什么?
A. To review John’s research plans.
回顾约翰的研究计划。
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
展示约翰想法的应用。
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
比较约翰的不同工作。
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
消除对约翰发明的怀疑。
【答案】 B
27. What is the basis for John’s work?
约翰工作的基础是什么?
A. Nature can repair itself.
自然可以自我修复。
B. Organisms need water to survive.
生物需要水才能生存。
C. Life on Earth is diverse.
地球上的生命多种多样。
D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
大多数小生物群居生活。
【答案】 A
C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
这本书的目标是为数码极简主义提供案例，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么它有效，然后，在你确定它对你是适合的前提下，教你如何采用这种哲学。
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
为此，我把这本书分成了两部分。在第一部分中，我描述了数码极简主义的哲学基础：首先分析使这么多人的数字生活变得越来越难以忍受的力量，然后详细讨论了数码极简主义哲学。
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
第一部分介绍我建议采纳的这一哲学的方法：数码清除。这个过程要求你离开非必要的在线活动30天。在30天结束的时候，你再重新加入一些精心挑选的在线活动，那些你认为会给你看重的东西带来巨大好处的活动。
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
在第一部分的最后一章，我将指导你对自己进行数码清除。这过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一个实验，在这个实验中，超过1600人同意进行一次数码清除。你将听到这些参与者的故事，了解哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到了哪些你应该避免的坑。
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
本书的第二部分详细介绍了一些方法，那有助于你培养可持续的数码极简主义生活方式。在这些章节中，我研究了一些问题，例如独处的重要性，以及培养高质量休闲活动必要性，以取代现在大多数人无意识地花在电子设备上的时间。每一章都以一系列的练习结束，这些练习旨在帮助你实践本章的主要方法。你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，来帮助你建立一种适合你特点的极简主义生活方式。
28. What is the book aimed at?
这本书的目的是什么？
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
教授批判性思维技能。
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
倡导简单的数码生活方式。
C. Solving philosophical problems.
解决哲学问题。
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
推广数字设备的使用。
【答案】 B
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
第三段中带下划线的单词“declutter”是什么意思？
A. Clear-up.
清除。
B. Add-on.
附加组件。
C. Check-in.
登记入住。
D. Take-over.
接管。
【答案】 A
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
第一部分的最后一章介绍了什么？
A. Theoretical models.
理论模型。
B. Statistical methods.
统计方法。
C. Practical examples.
实际例子。
D. Historical analyses.
历史分析。
【答案】 C
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
作者建议读者用第二部分提供的练习做什么？
A. Use them as needed.
根据需要使用它们。
B. Recommend them to friends.
推荐给朋友。
C. Evaluate their effects.
评估它们的效果。
D. Identify the ideas behind them.
找出他们背后的想法。
【答案】 A
D
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
1907年3月7日，英国统计学家弗朗西斯·高尔顿(Francis Galton)发表了一篇论文，阐述了后来被称为“群体智慧”的效应。他进行的估算实验表明，在某些情况下，大量独立估计值的平均数是十分准确的。
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
这种效果利用了这样一个事实：当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同。有些人倾向于高估，有些人倾向于低估。当足够多的这些误差被平均在一起时，它们就会相互抵消，从而得到更准确的估算。如果人们是相似的，并且倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误就不会相互抵消。用更专业的术语来说，群体智慧要求人们的估算是独立的。如果由于某种原因，人们的错误变得相关联或依赖，评估的准确性就会下降。
capitalize on 利用
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
但是，由华金·纳瓦加斯（Joaquin Navajas）领导的一项新研究，为这一经典现象提供了一个有趣的转折。这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从4个5人的讨论小组中得到的平均值比从20个独立个体中得到的平均值要准确得多。
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
在对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。他们是否倾向于相信那些对自己的估计最有信心的人?他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人了吗?这种情况有时会发生，但不是主要的反应。最常见的是，这些小组报告说他们“分享论点，一起推理”。不知何故，这些论证和推理导致了错误的全面减少。尽管纳瓦加斯（Navajas）领导的研究有局限性，许多问题仍然存在，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
这篇文章的第二段主要是关于什么的？
A. The methods of estimation.
评估的方法。
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
效果的基本逻辑。
C. The causes of people’s errors.
人们犯错误的原因。
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
高尔顿实验的设计。
【答案】 B
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
Navajas的研究发现，即使________，平均准确率也能提高。
A. the crowds were relatively small
人群相对较少
B. there were occasional underestimates
偶尔会有低估
C. individuals did not communicate
个人没有交流
D. estimates were not fully independent
估计并不完全独立
【答案】 D
34. What did the follow-up study focus on?
后续研究的焦点是什么？
A. The size of the groups.
群体的规模。
B. The dominant members.
占主导地位的成员。
C. The discussion process.
讨论过程。
D. The individual estimates.
个人评估。
【答案】 C
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
作者对Navajas的研究持什么态度？
A. Unclear.
不清楚。
B. Dismissive.
不屑一顾。
C. Doubtful.
怀疑。
D. Approving.
赞同。
【答案】 D
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