诺贝尔生理学或医学奖(1901-2023)

健康   2024-10-01 19:44   广东  

2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

卡塔林·卡里科(Katalin Karikó)和德鲁·韦斯曼(Drew Weissman)

“表彰他们在核苷碱基修饰方面的发现,这些发现使得针对COVID-19的有效mRNA疫苗的开发成为可能”

2022年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

斯万特·帕博(Svante Pääbo)

“表彰他在灭绝人类和人类进化基因组方面的发现”

2021年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

戴维·朱利叶斯(David Julius)和阿德姆·帕塔普蒂安(Ardem Patapoutian)

“表彰他们在温度和触觉受体方面的发现”

2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

哈维·J·阿尔特(Harvey J. Alter)、迈克尔·霍顿(Michael Houghton)和查尔斯·M·赖斯(Charles M. Rice)

“表彰他们发现丙型肝炎病毒”

2019年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

威廉·G·凯林(William G. Kaelin Jr.)、彼得·J·拉特克利夫爵士(Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe)和格雷格·L·塞门扎(Gregg L. Semenza)

“表彰他们发现细胞如何感知并适应氧气的可用性”

2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

詹姆斯·P·艾利森(James P. Allison)和本庶佑(Tasuku Honjo)

“表彰他们通过抑制负性免疫调节发现癌症疗法”

2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

杰弗里·C·霍尔(Jeffrey C. Hall)、迈克尔·罗斯巴什(Michael Rosbash)和迈克尔·W·杨(Michael W. Young)

“表彰他们发现控制昼夜节律的分子机制”

2016年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

大隅良典(Yoshinori Ohsumi)

“表彰他在自噬机制方面的发现”

2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

威廉·C·坎贝尔(William C. Campbell)和大村智(Satoshi Ōmura)

“表彰他们发现对抗由线虫寄生虫引起的感染的新疗法”

屠呦呦

“表彰她发现治疗疟疾的新疗法”

2014年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

约翰·奥基夫(John O'Keefe)、梅-布里特·莫泽(May-Britt Moser)和爱德华·莫泽(Edvard I. Moser)

“表彰他们发现大脑中构成定位系统的细胞”

2013年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

詹姆斯·E·罗斯曼(James E. Rothman)、兰迪·W·谢克曼(Randy W. Schekman)和托马斯·C·苏德霍夫(Thomas C. Südhof)

“表彰他们发现调节囊泡运输的机制,这是我们细胞中的主要运输系统”

2012年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

约翰·B·戈登爵士(Sir John B. Gurdon)和山中伸弥(Shinya Yamanaka)

“表彰他们发现成熟细胞可以重新编程为多能性细胞”

2011年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

布鲁斯·A·博伊特勒(Bruce A. Beutler)和朱尔斯·A·霍夫曼(Jules A. Hoffmann)

“表彰他们在先天免疫激活方面的发现”

拉尔夫·M·斯坦曼(Ralph M. Steinman)

“表彰他发现树突状细胞及其在适应性免疫中的作用”

2010年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

罗伯特·G·爱德华兹(Robert G. Edwards)

“表彰他开发了体外受精技术”

2009年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

伊丽莎白·H·布莱克本(Elizabeth H. Blackburn)、卡罗尔·W·格雷德(Carol W. Greider)和杰克·W·绍斯塔克(Jack W. Szostak)

“表彰他们发现染色体通过端粒和端粒酶得到保护的机制”

2008年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

哈拉尔德·楚尔·豪森(Harald zur Hausen)

“表彰他发现导致宫颈癌的人乳头瘤病毒”

弗朗索瓦丝·巴尔-西努西(Françoise Barré-Sinoussi)和吕克·蒙塔尼耶(Luc Montagnier)

“表彰他们发现人类免疫缺陷病毒”

2007年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

马里奥·R·卡佩奇(Mario R. Capecchi)、彼得·J·埃文斯爵士(Sir Martin J. Evans)和奥利弗·史密西斯(Oliver Smithies)

“表彰他们在使用胚胎干细胞引入小鼠特定基因改造的原理上的发现”

2006年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

安德鲁·Z·法尔(Andrew Z. Fire)和克雷格·C·梅洛(Craig C. Mello)

“表彰他们发现RNA干扰——通过双链RNA实现基因沉默”

2005年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

巴里·J·马歇尔(Barry J. Marshall)和J·罗宾·沃伦(J. Robin Warren)

“表彰他们发现幽门螺杆菌及其在胃炎和胃溃疡疾病中的作用”

2004年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

理查德·阿克塞尔(Richard Axel)和琳达·B·巴克(Linda B. Buck)

“表彰他们发现嗅觉受体及嗅觉系统的组织结构”

2003年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

保罗·C·劳特伯(Paul C. Lauterbur)和彼得·曼斯菲尔德爵士(Sir Peter Mansfield)

“表彰他们在磁共振成像方面的发现”

2002年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

悉尼·布伦纳(Sydney Brenner)、H·罗伯特·霍维茨(H. Robert Horvitz)和约翰·E·苏尔斯顿(John E. Sulston)

“表彰他们在器官发育的遗传调控及程序性细胞死亡方面的发现”

2001年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

利兰·H·哈特韦尔(Leland H. Hartwell)、蒂姆·亨特(Tim Hunt)和保罗·纳斯爵士(Sir Paul Nurse)

“表彰他们在发现细胞周期的关键调节因子方面的贡献”

2000年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

阿尔维德·卡尔森(Arvid Carlsson)、保罗·格林加德(Paul Greengard)和埃里克·坎德尔(Eric Kandel)

“表彰他们在神经系统信号转导方面的发现”

1999年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

冈特·布洛贝尔(Günter Blobel)

“表彰他发现蛋白质具有内在信号,决定其在细胞中的运输和定位”

1998年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

罗伯特·F·弗契戈特(Robert F. Furchgott)、路易斯·J·伊尼亚罗(Louis J. Ignarro)和费里德·穆拉德(Ferid Murad)

“表彰他们发现一氧化氮作为心血管系统中信号分子的作用”

1997年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

斯坦利·B·普鲁西纳(Stanley B. Prusiner)

“表彰他发现朊病毒——一种新的感染性生物学原理”

1996年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

彼得·C·多尔蒂(Peter C. Doherty)和罗尔夫·M·津克纳吉尔(Rolf M. Zinkernagel)

“表彰他们在细胞介导的免疫防御特异性方面的发现”

1995年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

爱德华·B·刘易斯(Edward B. Lewis)、克里斯蒂亚娜·纽斯莱恩-沃尔哈德(Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard)和埃里克·F·维谢绍斯(Eric F. Wieschaus)

“表彰他们在早期胚胎发育遗传控制方面的发现”

1994年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

阿尔弗雷德·G·吉尔曼(Alfred G. Gilman)和马丁·罗德贝尔(Martin Rodbell)

“表彰他们发现了G蛋白及其在细胞信号转导中的作用”

1993年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

理查德·J·罗伯茨(Richard J. Roberts)和菲利普·A·夏普(Phillip A. Sharp)

“表彰他们发现了分割基因”

1992年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

埃德蒙·H·费舍尔(Edmond H. Fischer)和埃德温·G·克雷布斯(Edwin G. Krebs)

“表彰他们在可逆蛋白磷酸化作为生物调控机制方面的发现”

1991年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

埃尔温·内尔(Erwin Neher)和贝特·萨克曼(Bert Sakmann)

“表彰他们在单一离子通道功能方面的发现”

1990年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

约瑟夫·E·穆雷(Joseph E. Murray)和E·唐纳尔·托马斯(E. Donnall Thomas)

“表彰他们在器官和细胞移植治疗人类疾病方面的发现”

1989年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

J·迈克尔·毕晓普(J. Michael Bishop)和哈罗德·E·瓦尔穆斯(Harold E. Varmus)

“表彰他们发现逆转录病毒癌基因的细胞起源”

1988年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

詹姆斯·W·布莱克爵士(Sir James W. Black)、格特鲁德·B·埃利恩(Gertrude B. Elion)和乔治·H·希钦斯(George H. Hitchings)

“表彰他们发现了药物治疗的重要原理”

1987年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

利根川进(Susumu Tonegawa)

“表彰他发现了抗体多样性产生的遗传原理”

1986年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

斯坦利·科恩(Stanley Cohen)和丽塔·莱维-蒙塔尔奇尼(Rita Levi-Montalcini)

“表彰他们发现了生长因子”

1985年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

迈克尔·S·布朗(Michael S. Brown)和约瑟夫·L·戈尔茨坦(Joseph L. Goldstein)

“表彰他们在胆固醇代谢调节方面的发现”

1984年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

尼尔斯·K·耶恩(Niels K. Jerne)、乔治·J·F·科勒(Georges J.F. Köhler)和塞萨尔·米尔斯坦(César Milstein)

“表彰他们关于免疫系统发育和控制特异性的理论,以及发现单克隆抗体生产原理”

1983年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

芭芭拉·麦克林托克(Barbara McClintock)

“表彰她发现了移动遗传元件”

1982年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

苏内·K·伯格斯特伦(Sune K. Bergström)、本特·I·塞缪尔松(Bengt I. Samuelsson)和约翰·R·维恩(John R. Vane)

“表彰他们在前列腺素及相关生物活性物质方面的发现”

1981年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

罗杰·W·斯佩里(Roger W. Sperry)

“表彰他在大脑半球功能特化方面的发现”

戴维·H·休贝尔(David H. Hubel)和托斯滕·N·维塞尔(Torsten N. Wiesel)

“表彰他们在视觉系统信息处理方面的发现”

1980年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

巴鲁克·贝纳塞拉夫(Baruj Benacerraf)、让·多塞(Jean Dausset)和乔治·D·斯内尔(George D. Snell)

“表彰他们在遗传决定的细胞表面结构调控免疫反应方面的发现”

1979年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

艾伦·M·科马克(Allan M. Cormack)和戈弗雷·N·豪斯菲尔德爵士(Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield)

“表彰他们在计算机断层成像(CT)方面的开发”

1978年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

维尔纳·阿伯(Werner Arber)、丹尼尔·纳森斯(Daniel Nathans)和汉密尔顿·O·史密斯(Hamilton O. Smith)

“表彰他们发现了限制性内切酶并应用于分子遗传学问题”

1977年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

罗杰·吉列曼(Roger Guillemin)和安德鲁·V·沙利(Andrew V. Schally)

“表彰他们在大脑肽类激素产生方面的发现”

罗莎琳·亚洛(Rosalyn Yalow)

“表彰她开发了肽类激素的放射免疫分析技术”

1976年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

巴鲁克·S·布隆伯格(Baruch S. Blumberg)和卡尔顿·加伊杜谢克(D. Carleton Gajdusek)

“表彰他们在传染病起源与传播新机制方面的发现”

1975年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

戴维·巴尔的摩(David Baltimore)、雷纳托·杜尔贝科(Renato Dulbecco)和霍华德·M·特明(Howard M. Temin)

“表彰他们在肿瘤病毒与细胞遗传物质相互作用方面的发现”

1974年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

阿尔伯特·克劳德(Albert Claude)、克里斯蒂安·德·迪夫(Christian de Duve)和乔治·E·帕拉德(George E. Palade)

“表彰他们在细胞结构与功能组织方面的发现”

1973年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

卡尔·冯·弗里施(Karl von Frisch)、康拉德·洛伦茨(Konrad Lorenz)和尼古拉斯·廷伯根(Nikolaas Tinbergen)

“表彰他们在个体与社会行为模式的组织和引发方面的发现”

1972年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

杰拉尔德·M·埃德尔曼(Gerald M. Edelman)和罗德尼·R·波特(Rodney R. Porter)

“表彰他们在抗体化学结构方面的发现”

1971年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

厄尔·W·萨瑟兰(Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.)

“表彰他在激素作用机制方面的发现”

1970年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

伯纳德·卡茨爵士(Sir Bernard Katz)、乌尔夫·冯·欧勒(Ulf von Euler)和朱利叶斯·阿克塞尔罗德(Julius Axelrod)

“表彰他们在神经末梢体液递质及其存储、释放和失活机制方面的发现”

1969年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

马克斯·德尔布吕克(Max Delbrück)、阿尔弗雷德·D·赫尔希(Alfred D. Hershey)和萨尔瓦多·E·卢里亚(Salvador E. Luria)

“表彰他们在病毒复制机制及其遗传结构方面的发现”

1968年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

罗伯特·W·霍利(Robert W. Holley)、H·戈宾德·科拉纳(H. Gobind Khorana)和马歇尔·W·尼伦伯格(Marshall W. Nirenberg)

“表彰他们对遗传密码及其在蛋白质合成中的功能的诠释”

1967年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

拉格纳·格拉尼特(Ragnar Granit)、凯弗·哈特莱恩(Keffer Hartline)和乔治·沃尔德(George Wald)

“表彰他们在眼睛中生理和化学视觉过程方面的发现”

1966年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

佩顿·罗斯(Peyton Rous)

“表彰他发现了诱发肿瘤的病毒”

查尔斯·B·哈金斯(Charles B. Huggins)

“表彰他发现了前列腺癌的激素治疗”

1965年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

弗朗索瓦·雅各布(François Jacob)、安德烈·洛夫(André Lwoff)和雅克·莫诺(Jacques Monod)

“表彰他们在酶和病毒合成的遗传控制方面的发现”

1964年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

康拉德·布洛赫(Konrad Bloch)和费奥多尔·林恩(Feodor Lynen)

“表彰他们在胆固醇及脂肪酸代谢的机制和调控方面的发现”

1963年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

约翰·埃克尔斯爵士(Sir John Eccles)、艾伦·霍奇金(Alan Hodgkin)和安德鲁·赫胥黎(Andrew Huxley)

“表彰他们在神经细胞膜的外周和中枢部分的兴奋和抑制过程中离子机制方面的发现”

1962年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

弗朗西斯·克里克(Francis Crick)、詹姆斯·沃森(James Watson)和莫里斯·威尔金斯(Maurice Wilkins)

“表彰他们在核酸的分子结构及其在活体信息传递中的意义方面的发现”

1961年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

格奥尔格·冯·贝凯西(Georg von Békésy)

“表彰他在耳蜗内刺激的物理机制方面的发现”

1960年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

弗兰克·麦克法兰·伯内特爵士(Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet)和彼得·梅达瓦爵士(Peter Medawar)

“表彰他们在获得性免疫耐受性方面的发现”

1959年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

塞韦罗·奥乔亚(Severo Ochoa)和亚瑟·科恩伯格(Arthur Kornberg)

“表彰他们在核糖核酸和脱氧核糖核酸生物合成机制方面的发现”

1958年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

乔治·比德尔(George Beadle)和爱德华·塔特姆(Edward Tatum)

“表彰他们发现基因通过调控特定的化学事件来发挥作用”

约书亚·莱德伯格(Joshua Lederberg)

“表彰他在细菌的基因重组及遗传物质的组织方面的发现”

1957年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

丹尼尔·博韦(Daniel Bovet)

“表彰他在合成化合物的发现,特别是这些化合物对血管系统和骨骼肌的作用”

1956年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

安德烈·F·库尔南德(André F. Cournand)、沃纳·福斯曼(Werner Forssmann)和迪金森·W·理查兹(Dickinson W. Richards)

“表彰他们在心导管术及循环系统病理变化方面的发现”

1955年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

雨果·特奥雷尔(Hugo Theorell)

“表彰他在氧化酶的性质及作用机制方面的发现”

1954年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

约翰·F·恩德斯(John F. Enders)、托马斯·H·韦勒(Thomas H. Weller)和弗雷德里克·C·罗宾斯(Frederick C. Robbins)

“表彰他们发现脊髓灰质炎病毒能够在各种类型的组织培养中生长”

1953年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

汉斯·克雷布斯(Hans Krebs)

“表彰他发现了柠檬酸循环”

弗里茨·李普曼(Fritz Lipmann)

“表彰他发现了辅酶A及其在代谢中的重要性”

1952年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

塞尔曼·A·瓦克斯曼(Selman A. Waksman)

“表彰他发现了链霉素,这种抗生素对结核病有效”

1951年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

马克斯·泰勒(Max Theiler)

“表彰他在黄热病及其防治方面的发现”

1950年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

爱德华·C·肯德尔(Edward C. Kendall)、塔德乌斯·赖希斯坦(Tadeus Reichstein)和菲利普·S·亨奇(Philip S. Hench)

“表彰他们在肾上腺皮质激素的结构及其生物效应方面的发现”

1949年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

瓦尔特·赫斯(Walter Hess)

“表彰他发现了间脑的功能组织及其作为内脏活动的协调器的作用”

埃加斯·莫尼斯(Egas Moniz)

“表彰他发现了脑叶切除术在某些精神病治疗中的价值”

1948年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

保罗·穆勒(Paul Müller)

“表彰他发现了DDT作为接触性杀虫剂对多种节肢动物的高效毒性”

1947年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

卡尔·科里(Carl Cori)和格尔蒂·科里(Gerty Cori)

“表彰他们在糖原催化转化过程中的发现”

贝尔纳多·乌萨伊(Bernardo Houssay)

“表彰他发现了垂体前叶激素在糖代谢中的作用”

1946年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

赫尔曼·J·穆勒(Hermann J. Muller)

“表彰他通过X射线照射引发突变的发现”

1945年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

亚历山大·弗莱明爵士(Sir Alexander Fleming)、恩斯特·B·钱恩(Ernst B. Chain)和霍华德·弗洛里爵士(Sir Howard Florey)

“表彰他们发现了青霉素及其对各种传染病的治疗效果”

1944年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

约瑟夫·埃尔兰格(Joseph Erlanger)和赫伯特·S·加瑟尔(Herbert S. Gasser)

“表彰他们在单一神经纤维功能高度分化方面的发现”

1943年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

亨里克·达姆(Henrik Dam)

“表彰他发现了维生素K”

爱德华·A·多伊西(Edward A. Doisy)

“表彰他发现了维生素K的化学性质”

1942年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

“该年度未颁发诺贝尔奖。三分之一的奖金被划拨到主基金,三分之二被划拨到该奖项的特别基金”

1941年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

“该年度未颁发诺贝尔奖。三分之一的奖金被划拨到主基金,三分之二被划拨到该奖项的特别基金”

1940年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

“该年度未颁发诺贝尔奖。三分之一的奖金被划拨到主基金,三分之二被划拨到该奖项的特别基金”

1939年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

格哈德·多马克(Gerhard Domagk)

“表彰他发现了磺胺药的抗菌作用”

1938年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

科内尔·海曼斯(Corneille Heymans)

“表彰他发现了颈动脉窦和主动脉机制在调节呼吸中的作用”

1937年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

阿尔伯特·圣捷尔吉(Albert Szent-Györgyi)

“表彰他在生物燃烧过程中的发现,特别是与维生素C和富马酸催化相关的发现”

1936年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

亨利·哈利特·戴尔爵士(Sir Henry Dale)和奥托·勒维(Otto Loewi)

“表彰他们在神经冲动化学传递方面的发现”

1935年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

汉斯·施佩曼(Hans Spemann)

“表彰他发现了胚胎发育中的组织者效应”

1934年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

乔治·惠普尔(George H. Whipple)、乔治·理查森·米诺特(George R. Minot)和威廉·帕里·墨菲(William P. Murphy)

“表彰他们在肝脏疗法治疗贫血症方面的发现”

1933年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

托马斯·亨特·摩尔根(Thomas Hunt Morgan)

“表彰他在染色体在遗传中的作用方面的发现”

1932年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

查尔斯·谢灵顿爵士(Sir Charles Sherrington)和埃德加·阿德里安(Edgar Adrian)

“表彰他们在神经元功能方面的发现”

1931年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

奥托·瓦尔堡(Otto Warburg)

“表彰他在呼吸酶的性质及其作用方式方面的发现”

1930年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

卡尔·兰德斯泰纳(Karl Landsteiner)

“表彰他发现了人类血型”

1929年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

克里斯蒂安·埃克曼(Christiaan Eijkman)

“表彰他发现了抗神经炎维生素”

弗雷德里克·霍普金斯爵士(Sir Frederick Hopkins)

“表彰他发现了促进生长的维生素”

1928年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

夏尔·尼科尔(Charles Nicolle)

“表彰他对斑疹伤寒的研究”

1927年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

尤利乌斯·瓦格纳-尧雷格(Julius Wagner-Jauregg)

“表彰他发现了疟疾接种治疗麻痹性痴呆的疗效”

1926年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

约翰内斯·菲比格(Johannes Fibiger)

“表彰他发现了Spiroptera癌”

1925年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

“该年度未颁发诺贝尔奖。奖金划拨至该奖项的特别基金”

1924年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

威廉·埃因托芬(Willem Einthoven)

“表彰他发现了心电图的机制”

1923年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

弗雷德里克·班廷(Frederick G. Banting)和约翰·麦克劳德(John Macleod)

“表彰他们发现了胰岛素”

1922年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

阿奇博尔德·希尔(Archibald V. Hill)

“表彰他在肌肉产生热量方面的发现”

奥托·迈耶霍夫(Otto Meyerhof)

“表彰他发现了氧气消耗与肌肉中乳酸代谢之间的固定关系”

1921年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

“该年度未颁发诺贝尔奖。奖金划拨至该奖项的特别基金”

1920年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

奥古斯特·克罗(August Krogh)

“表彰他发现了毛细血管运动调节机制”

1919年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

朱尔·博尔代(Jules Bordet)

“表彰他在免疫方面的发现”

1918年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

“该年度未颁发诺贝尔奖。奖金划拨至该奖项的特别基金”

1917年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

“该年度未颁发诺贝尔奖。奖金划拨至该奖项的特别基金”

1916年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

“该年度未颁发诺贝尔奖。奖金划拨至该奖项的特别基金”

1915年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

“该年度未颁发诺贝尔奖。奖金划拨至该奖项的特别基金”

1914年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

罗伯特·巴拉尼(Robert Bárány)

“表彰他在前庭器官生理学和病理学方面的研究”

1913年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

查尔斯·里歇(Charles Richet)

“表彰他在过敏反应方面的研究”

1912年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

阿莱克西斯·卡雷尔(Alexis Carrel)

“表彰他在血管缝合和血管与器官移植方面的研究”

1911年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

阿尔瓦·古尔斯特兰德(Allvar Gullstrand)

“表彰他在眼屈光学方面的研究”

1910年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

阿尔布雷希特·科塞尔(Albrecht Kossel)

“表彰他通过对蛋白质及其核酸物质的研究为细胞化学知识作出的贡献”

1909年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

西奥多·科赫尔(Theodor Kocher)

“表彰他在甲状腺的生理、病理和外科治疗方面的研究”

1908年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

伊利亚·梅奇尼科夫(Ilya Mechnikov)和保罗·埃尔利希(Paul Ehrlich)

“表彰他们在免疫研究中的工作”

1907年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

阿方斯·拉瓦朗(Alphonse Laveran)

“表彰他发现了原生动物在疾病发生中的作用”

1906年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

卡米洛·高尔基(Camillo Golgi)和圣地亚哥·拉蒙·卡哈尔(Santiago Ramón y Cajal)

“表彰他们在神经系统结构方面的研究”

1905年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

罗伯特·科赫(Robert Koch)

“表彰他在与结核病相关的研究与发现”

1904年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

伊万·巴甫洛夫(Ivan Pavlov)

“表彰他在消化生理学方面的研究,通过这些研究使该领域的重要知识得到扩展”

1903年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

尼尔斯·吕贝格·芬森(Niels Ryberg Finsen)

“表彰他对光照疗法的贡献,尤其是对治疗狼疮的研究,为医学科学开辟了新的道路”

1902年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

罗纳德·罗斯(Ronald Ross)

“表彰他对疟疾的研究,揭示了其进入机体的机制,并为成功研究和控制该疾病奠定了基础”

1901年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

埃米尔·冯·贝林(Emil von Behring)

“表彰他在血清疗法方面的工作,特别是其在治疗白喉中的应用,为医学科学开辟了新的途径,并为医生提供了一种战胜疾病的有力武器”


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023

Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman

“for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022

Svante Pääbo

“for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021

David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian

“for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020

Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice

“for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019

William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza

“for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018

James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo

“for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017

Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young

“for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016

Yoshinori Ohsumi

“for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015

William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura

“for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites”

Tu Youyou

“for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014

John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser

“for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013

James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof

“for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012

Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka

“for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011

Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann

“for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity”

Ralph M. Steinman

“for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010

Robert G. Edwards

“for the development of in vitro fertilization”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak

“for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008

Harald zur Hausen

“for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer”

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier

“for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007

Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies

“for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006

Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello

“for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005

Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren

“for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004

Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck

“for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003

Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield

“for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002

Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston

“for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001

Leland Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul Nurse

“for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000

Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel

“for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999

Günter Blobel

“for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998

Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad

“for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997

Stanley B. Prusiner

“for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996

Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel

“for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995

Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus

“for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994

Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell

“for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993

Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp

“for their discoveries of split genes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992

Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs

“for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991

Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann

“for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990

Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas

“for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989

J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus

“for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988

Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings

“for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987

Susumu Tonegawa

“for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986

Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini

“for their discoveries of growth factors”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985

Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein

“for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984

Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César Milstein

“for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983

Barbara McClintock

“for her discovery of mobile genetic elements”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982

Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane

“for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981

Roger W. Sperry

“for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres”

David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel

“for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980

Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George D. Snell

“for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979

Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield

“for the development of computer assisted tomography”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978

Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith

“for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977

Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally

“for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain”

Rosalyn Yalow

“for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976

Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek

“for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975

David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard M. Temin

“for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974

Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E. Palade

“for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973

Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen

“for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972

Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter

“for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971

Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

“for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970

Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod

“for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969

Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria

“for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968

Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg

“for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967

Ragnar Granit, Keffer Hartline and George Wald

“for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966

Peyton Rous

“for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses”

Charles B. Huggins

“for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965

François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod

“for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964

Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen

“for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963

Sir John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley

“for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962

Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins

“for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961

Georg von Békésy

“for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar

“for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959

Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg

“for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

“for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events”

Joshua Lederberg

“for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957

Daniel Bovet

“for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956

André F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards

“for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955

Hugo Theorell

“for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954

John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins

“for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953

Hans Krebs

“for his discovery of the citric acid cycle”

Fritz Lipmann

“for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952

Selman A. Waksman

“for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951

Max Theiler

“for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950

Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein and Philip S. Hench

“for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949

Walter Hess

“for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs”

Egas Moniz

“for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948

Paul Müller

“for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

Carl Cori and Gerty Cori

“for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen”

Bernardo Houssay

“for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946

Hermann J. Muller

“for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945

Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain and Sir Howard Florey

“for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944

Joseph Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser

“for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943

Henrik Dam

“for his discovery of vitamin K”

Edward A. Doisy

“for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1942

“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1941

“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1940

“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939

Gerhard Domagk

“for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938

Corneille Heymans

“for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937

Albert Szent-Györgyi

“for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936

Sir Henry Dale and Otto Loewi

“for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935

Hans Spemann

“for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934

George H. Whipple, George R. Minot and William P. Murphy

“for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933

Thomas H. Morgan

“for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932

Sir Charles Sherrington and Edgar Adrian

“for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931

Otto Warburg

“for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930

Karl Landsteiner

“for his discovery of human blood groups”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929

Christiaan Eijkman

“for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin”

Sir Frederick Hopkins

“for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928

Charles Nicolle

“for his work on typhus”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927

Julius Wagner-Jauregg

“for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926

Johannes Fibiger

“for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1925

“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924

Willem Einthoven

“for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923

Frederick G. Banting and John Macleod

“for the discovery of insulin”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922

Archibald V. Hill

“for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle”

Otto Meyerhof

“for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1921

“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920

August Krogh

“for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919

Jules Bordet

“for his discoveries relating to immunity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1918

“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1917

“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1916

“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1915

“No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914

Robert Bárány

“for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913

Charles Richet

“in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912

Alexis Carrel

“in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911

Allvar Gullstrand

“for his work on the dioptrics of the eye”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910

Albrecht Kossel

“in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909

Theodor Kocher

“for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908

Ilya Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich

“in recognition of their work on immunity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907

Alphonse Laveran

“in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906

Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal

“in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905

Robert Koch

“for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904

Ivan Pavlov

“in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903

Niels Ryberg Finsen

“in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902

Ronald Ross

“for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901

Emil von Behring

“for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths”



参考:

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine



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