干细胞国际谈丨新加坡癌症研究所主任Daniel G.Tenen教授解码SALL4蛋白与癌症

文摘   2024-11-01 18:49   北京  

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2024年第九届国际干细胞论坛(IFSC)聚焦于干细胞基础研究、再生医学、细胞治疗以及临床研究指南的应用,汇集了来自世界各地的专家学者,共同探讨科学发现和技术进步的最新前沿。会议期间,《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》特邀新加坡癌症研究所主任Daniel G.Tenen教授分享癌症治疗领域的潜力股与未来趋势。现将精粹整理成文,以飨读者。

01



《血液时讯》

SALL4作为一种癌胚蛋白,在多种癌症中扮演着重要角色。请问您最初是如何关注到SALL4蛋白,并决定将其作为您的研究方向的?您认为SALL4在癌症的发生和发展过程中有哪些独特的作用机制?


Daniel G.Tenen教授:回想起自己对SALL4产生兴趣的初衷,不禁哑然失笑。我在哈佛大学设立的实验室已逾四十年,其间始终对基因在正常细胞与癌细胞间的调控机制怀有浓厚的兴趣。


当Li Chai教授从耶鲁大学转战哈佛,并在哈佛建立了自己的科研阵地后,我有幸接触到了她在SALL4领域的深入研究成果。她几乎将整个职业生涯都奉献给了SALL4的研究。在我看来,SALL4堪称基因在正常细胞与癌细胞间调控机制的一个精妙范例。在胚胎发育阶段,SALL4呈现活跃状态,而一旦个体步入成年,其表达便趋于沉寂。然而,在癌症患者的体内,SALL4将再度被激活,这一现象显得尤为关键。它与我长期以来对基因调控的全面兴趣不谋而合,无论是正常细胞还是癌细胞,皆在我的研究视野之内。


正因如此,我逐渐对SALL4产生了浓厚的兴趣。SALL4是一个绝佳的例证,揭示了基因调控的紊乱如何引发癌症,这与众多人们在癌症研究中予以关注的基因截然不同。SALL4的突变频率通常并不高。它之所以会成为“罪魁祸首”(即导致癌症),真正的根源在于它在错误的时间、错误的细胞中发生了异常表达,而这正是我一直以来对科学研究的兴趣所在。因此,SALL4的研究方向与我的科研志向高度契合。后来,我更是幸运地遇到了一位在SALL4研究领域颇具造诣的真专家作为我的合作伙伴,她已经在SALL4的研究道路上默默耕耘了二十年。




(上下滑动查看英文原文)

Hematology Frontier:As an oncofetal protein, SALL4 plays a crucial role in various cancers. How did you initially become interested in SALL4 and decide to make it your research focus? What unique mechanisms do you believe SALL4 has in the initiation and progression of cancer?
Professor Daniel G.Tenen:I have to laugh a little bit about how I became interested in it, because i've had a laboratory at Harvard for 40 years, and i've always been interested how genes are regulated, both in normal cells versus cancer cells.
And so, when Li Chai moved from Yale to Harvard and started her own lab at Harvard, I got to know about her work on SALL4. And so she's worked on SALL4 almost her whole career. And to me, SALL4 is a wonderful example of how genes are regulated in normal versus cancer, because it's on when you're an embryo. And it goes off when you're an adult. And then the fact that it comes on again, in people who have cancer is very important. For me, it fits in with my overall interest in gene regulation, both normal and cancer.
So that's how I got interested in SALL4. Because it's a very good example of how this regulation of genes can lead to cancer, as opposed to many genes that people study in cancer. It's generally not mutated very much. The real reason it does bad things because it's been expressed in the wrong cells at the wrong time. And to me, that's always been my interest in science. So it fits. And then I had a good collaborator who was a real expert in everything about SALL4. She studied it for 20 years.


02



《血液时讯》

您如何看待在癌症治疗领域的研究进展?如何让更多具备药物研发能力的人投入创新药物的研发中?


Daniel G.Tenen教授:我认为我们在癌症治疗领域所取得的进展仍显不足,这一现状让我对制药公司有所谴责。他们的首要目标是盈利还是真的致力于治愈疾病、挽救生命?从某种程度上说,如果他们真的治愈了所有人,其盈利空间或许会受到限制。尽管我的言辞略带讽刺,但不可否认的是,制药公司往往倾向于选择研发难度较低的项目。然而,癌症作为一种复杂的疾病,其治疗远非易事。它并非位于细胞表面,而是隐匿于细胞核深处,这无疑增加了治疗的难度。但尽管如此,我们依然能够找到应对之策。在我的演讲中同样提及了这一点,这或许会让大家感到沮丧。


当我们向众多制药公司介绍我们在实验室研发的一些具有潜力的癌症疗法时,他们却更倾向于口服药物,而非注射剂。然而,现实情况是,许多化疗药物仍然需要通过注射方式给药。再来看糖尿病患者,他们中的许多人对于自我注射并不排斥。只要药物有效,即使需要注射,他们也会欣然接受。但如果药物无效,他们自然不愿接受注射治疗。因此,我对制药公司的这种态度感到难以理解,这似乎并无充分理由。我目前在一个学术实验室工作,我的专长在于科学研究,而非药物研发。我渴望与更多公司建立合作关系,但遗憾的是,他们往往只关注那些能够迅速带来丰厚利润且研发难度较低的项目。例如,我们在小鼠实验中发现了一种颇具前景的肽疗法,但在与制药公司交流时,他们却表示对肽类药物的研发不感兴趣,因为成本高昂,且不愿将其制成注射剂。


我之前已经提到过类似的情况,人们开发了胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂来治疗糖尿病,这是一种注射剂,也是一种肽类药物。它在市场上取得了巨大的成功,创造了数千亿美元的销售额。这主要是因为许多肥胖的美国人希望通过这种轻松的方式来实现减肥。这无疑是一个生动的例子。制药公司已经从中获得了丰厚的利润,但那些糖尿病患者却仍然难以获得这种有效的药物。我认为,制药公司应该承担起更多的责任,积极投入研发工作。然而,真正的挑战在于如何让那些具备药物研发能力的人接过这个接力棒,并全力以赴地奔跑。





(上下滑动查看英文原文)

Hematology Frontier:How do you view the research progress in the field of cancer treatment? And how can we encourage more individuals with drug development capabilities to engage in the research and development of innovative drugs?
Professor Daniel G.Tenen:So I don't think we've made as much progress as we should, and I blame the drug companies. Are there to make money? They don't really care if they cure anybody. If they cure everybody, they don't make any money. I'm being a little facetious there, but they like to pick easy targets. This is not quite so easy. It's not on the surface of the cell. It's inside the nucleus. But there are ways of doing that. Or I during my talk, I talked about this, it may be so upset, because a lot of the drug companies, when we talk to them about some of the potential therapies we've developed in the lab, said we want an oral drug, we don't want an injectable.
Guess what most chemotherapy today is still injectable, and guess what all these diabetics. They're very happy to inject themselves. If they have diabetes, people will take a good drug if it's injectable. They don't want to take an injective of it's a bad drug, right? So I blame the drug companies. There's no reason. Now I'm an academic lab. I'm not good at making drugs. I'm good at doing science. I would like to work with more companies to do that. But they wanna pick easy targets where they can make a lot of money. But I always laugh because we have a peptide therapy that actually looks pretty good in the mouse studies. When we talk to the drug companies, we don't want to work on a peptide, it's expensive. We don't want to make it injectable.
I talked about this. People developed these GLP-1 receptor agonists. For people with diabetes. It's an injectable, it's a peptide, and it's made trillions of dollars, because every fat American wants to lose weight the easy way by. Yeah, so there's a good example. They've made trillions apparently already. Then the diabetics can't even get their hands on the drug. So I blame the drug companies. I'm sorry. We're not a drug company, we're an academic institution. They should pick up the ball and run with it. They steal ideas from us if it's easy making money.the Challenge is that get people who know how to make drugs to pick it up and the run with the ball.


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《血液时讯》

展望未来,您认为SALL4作为癌症治疗靶点的研究有哪些值得关注的趋势或方向?在实现SALL4靶向治疗的过程中,还需要解决哪些关键科学问题?


Daniel G.Tenen教授:这确实是一件相当引人入胜的事情。我至今仍保留着医疗肿瘤学家的执业资质,或许你们之中有人知晓,自从我接诊最后一位病人以来,已经过去了整整四十年的光阴。我深信,这一研究领域蕴藏着无比巨大的潜力。我们所探讨的是一个在多数正常成年细胞中并不活跃表达的基因。若能研发出具有极高特异性的药物,那么正常细胞与癌细胞之间的治疗指数差异,将会达到一个前所未有的显著水平。


在此,我必须再次强调,开发具有理想特性且适宜人类使用的优质药物分子,恰恰是制药公司所擅长的领域。现在,是时候让他们接过这一重任,全力以赴地向前推进了。在此过程中,我愿意如同美式足球比赛中的四分卫一般,将“球”精准无误地传递给他们。球已就绪,奔跑吧!然而,我坚信这一领域具有巨大的发展潜力。请允许我以自身为例,倘若我罹患癌症,我定会竭尽全力寻求治疗之道,毫不犹豫地选择接受药物治疗,将其注入我的静脉之中。让我们共同期待这一领域未来的发展。




(上下滑动查看英文原文)

Hematology Frontier:Looking ahead, what trends or directions do you think are worth noting in the research of SALL4 as a cancer treatment target? What key scientific questions need to be addressed in the process of achieving SALL4-targeted therapy?
Professor Daniel G.Tenen:it's kind of funny. I am actually a licensed medical oncologist still. I don't know if you heard me say this. It's been 40 years since i've seen my last patient. I think the potential for this is tremendous. It's a gene that's not on in most normal adult cells. The therapeutic index, meaning the difference between normal and cancer is infinite if you have a very specific drug.
Again, as I said, this isn't my talent developing good molecules that have the right kind of properties to give to people. The drug companies have that. Let him take the ball and run with it right here. I'm gonna hand it to him like a football game, American football game. I'm the quarterback. Here's the ball run with it. But I think it's got tremendous potential. And believe me, if I had a deadly cancer, it's gonna kill me. I'll let someone inject something into my vein.


(来源:《肿瘤瞭望–血液时讯》编辑部)


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