英语中常见的构词法有派生法(Derivation)、合成法(Compounding)和转化法(Conversion)三大类。在每年的高考英语试题中,都会出现大量的派生词、合成词和转化词,而这些词很有可能会影响学生的阅读速度和精准度。
一、派生词
全国I卷
ensure (en- + sure) v 确保;保证
en-:使(make)
additional (addition + -al) adj 额外的
-al:……的(of)
familiarity (familiar + -ity) n 熟悉;亲近
-ity:表示具有某种特征的状态(the condition)
transformative (transform + -ive) adj 革命性的;变革的
-ive:具有……性质的(having the quality of ~ing)
physically (physical + -ly) adv 身体上
approximately (approximate + -ly) adv 大约
uncommon (un- + common) adj 不常有的;罕见的
un-:不(not)
employee (employ + -ee) n 受雇者;雇员
-ee:被……者(a person who is ~ed)
harmful (harm + -ful) adj 有害的
-ful:易于……的(having the tendency of)
treatment (treat + -ment) n 处理;治疗
-ment:……的行为(the act of ~ing)
empower (em- + power) v 授权;使能够
em- (=en-):使(make)
apparently (apparent + -ly) adv显然地
merely (mere + -ly) adv仅仅;只不过
absolutely (absolute + -ly) adv绝对地;完全地
unreasonable (un- + reasonable) adj 不合理的
un-:不(not)
repeatedly (repeated + -ly) adv 重复地;再三地
temporarily (temporary + -ly) adv 暂时地
casually (casual + -ly) adv 偶然地;随意地
extremely (extreme + -ly) adv 极其;非常
全国II卷
inspirational (inspiration + -al) adj 启发灵感的
-al:有……性质的(having the nature of)
psychologist (psychology + -ist) n 心理学家
-ist:从事……的专家
predictor (predict + -or) n 有预测作用的事物
-or:……物(a thing that ~s)
developmental (development + -al) adj 发展的
-al:……的(of)
environmentalist (environmental + -ist) n 环保主义者
-ist:……主义者
ecologist (ecology + -ist) n 生态学家
ecosystem (eco- + system) n 生态系统
eco-:生态(abstracted from “ecology”)
biologist (biology + -ist) n 生物学家
risky (risk + -y) adj 冒险的
-y:有……特征的(characterized by)
wonderment (wonder + -ment) n 惊奇;惊喜
-ment:the state of ~ing(……的状况)
excitement (excite + -ment) n 激动;兴奋
-ment:the state of ~ing(……的状况)
novelist (novel + -ist) n 小说家
announcement (announce + -ment) n 宣布;宣告
-ment:the act of ~ing(……的行为)
uneasy (un- + easy) adj 不自在的;忧虑的
-un:不(not)
soften (soft + -en) v 使变温和
-en:使(cause to be)
enable (en- + able) v 使能够
en-:使(make)
conversational (conversation + -al) adj 交谈的;谈话的
-al:……的(of)
certainly (certain + -ly) adv 必然;肯定地
renewal (renew + -al) n 恢复;更新
-al:……行为(the act of ~ing)
surely (sure + -ly) adv 一定;必定;想必
全国III卷
tasty (taste + -y) adj 美味的
-y:有……特征的(characterized by)
enrich (en- + rich) v 丰富
en-:使(make)
treasury (treasure + -y) n 宝库
exceptional (exception + -al) adj 非凡的
multigenerational (multi- + generation + -al) adj 多代的
multi-:多的(many)
traditionally (traditional + -ly) adv 历来
coastal (coast + -al) adj 近海的;沿海的
characteristic (character + -istic) n 特征;特色;特点
registry (register + -y) n 登记处
unpack (un- + pack) v 打开(盒子、包或手提箱等)取出(物品)
un-:取走(to remove)
speechless (speech + -less) adj 说不出话的
-less:无(without)
milky (milk + -y) adj 奶制的;像奶的
-y:多……的(full of)
gently (gentle + -ly) adj 温柔地;温和地
effectiveness (effective + -ness) n 有效性
-ness:……的性质或状态(the quality or condition of being)
guidance (guide + -ance) n 指导;引导
-ance:……的行为(the act of ~ing)
popularity (popular + -ity) n 受欢迎;普及;流行
-ity:……的状态(the condition of)
浙江卷
meaningful (meaning + -ful) adj 有意义的
-ful:充满……的(full of)
widen (wide + -en) v(使)变宽
-en:使(cause to be)
analytical (analytic + -al) adj 分析的
managerial (manager + -ial) adj 管理的
multitasking (multi- + task + -ing) n 同时做几件事情
multi-:多的(many)
environmental (environment + -al) adj 环境的;环保的
loneliness (lonely + -ness) n 孤独
-ness:……的性质或状态(the quality or condition of being)
helpful (help + -ful) adj 有帮助的;有益的
-ful:充满……的(full of)
colorful (color + -ful) adj 颜色鲜艳的;五彩缤纷的
-ful:充满……的(full of)
machinery (machine + -ery) n 机器;机械
-ery:……的群体或集体(a group of ~s)
山东卷
disqualification (dis- + qualify + -tion) n取消资格
dis-:取消(undo)
warmth (warm + -th) n 温暖;热情
-th:……的性质或状态(the quality or condition of being)
architectural (architecture + -al) adj 建筑学的;建筑方面的
sadden (sad + -en) v 使悲哀;使悲痛
-en:使(cause to be)
reportage (report + -age) n 事件报道
-age:……行为(the act or of ~ing)
eventful (event + -ful) adj 多事故的;经历丰富的
-ful:充满……的(full of)
viewership (viewer + -ship) n(电视节目或频道的)观众人数;观众类型
-ship:……的数量(the number of ~s)
significantly (significant + -ly) adv 显著地;明显地
extremely (extreme + -ly) adv 非常;极其
overweight (over- + weight) adj 超重的
over-:过多(too much)
earthen (earth + -en) adj 陶制的
-en:由……制成的(be made of)
二、合成词
全国I卷
timetable (time + table) n 时刻表
wheelchair (wheel + chair) n 轮椅
workplace (work + place) n 工作场所
houseplant (house + plant) n 室内盆栽植物
groundwater (ground + water) n 地下水
lifetime (life + time) n 一生;终生
daylight (day + light) n 日光
highway (high + way) 公路;大道
onboard (on + board) adj 在船(或飞机、车)上的
全国II卷
award-winning (award + winning) adj 获奖的
parkland (park + land) n(如乡村大宅院周围的)有草木的开阔地
fine art (fine + art) n 美术(尤指绘画和雕塑)
math-related (math + related) adj 与数学相关的
high-income (high + income) adj 高收入的
self-control (self + control) n 自制力
showcase (show + case) v 展示
guilt-free (guilt + free) adj 没有负罪感的
wetland (wet + land) n 湿地;沼泽
outcome (out + come) n 结果
全国III卷
footstep (foot + step) n 脚步声;足迹
waterway (water + way) n 水路;航道
in-depth (in + depth) adj 彻底的;渗入详尽的
underground (under + ground) adj 地下的
fur-coat-wearing (fur + coat + wearing) adj 穿毛皮大衣的
full-body (full + body) adj 全身的
filmmaker (film + maker) n 电影制作人
realistic-looking (realistic + looking) adj 逼真的
off-set (off + set) adj 在拍摄场外的
doorway (door + way) n 门口;门道
mother-in-law (mother + in + law) n 岳母;婆婆
standpoint (stand + point) n 观点;立场
household (house + hold) n 一家人;家庭
carefree (care + free) adj 无忧无虑的;无牵挂的;无责任的
highland (high + land) n 高地;高原
houseboat (house + boat) n 船屋
shellfish (shell + fish) n(尤指可以吃的)水生有壳动物
underwater (under + water) adv 在水下;在水中
housewarming (house + warming) n 乔迁聚会
firewood (fire + wood) n 柴火;木柴
businesswoman (business + woman) n 女商人;女企业家
handbag (hand + bag) n 手提包
shopkeeper (shop + keeper) n 店主
salesperson (sale + person) n 售货员
lifelike (life + like) adj 逼真的;生动的;栩栩如生的
masterpiece (master + piece) n 杰作;名著;代表作
waterfall (water + fall) n 瀑布
浙江卷
playgoer (play + goer) n 经常去戏院看戏的人;爱看戏的人
play-reader (play + reader) n(为出版商、演出人或剧团等阅读并评价剧本的)剧本读评人
houselight (house + light) n 剧院灯光
cure-all (cure + all) n 万灵药;灵丹妙药
overall (over + all) adj 全面的
teamwork (team + work) n 协作;配合
decision-making (decision + making) n 决策
high-level (high + level) adj 高级的
babysit (baby + sit) v 代人临时照看小孩
cardboard (card + board) n 硬纸板
leftover (left + over) adj 剩余的
lifelong (life + long) adj 终身的;毕生的
motorway (motor + way) n 高速公路
山东卷
round-trip (round + trip) adj 来回旅程的
willpower (will + power) n 意志力
first-generation (first + generation) adj 第一代的
well-rounded (well + rounded) adj 全面的
intake (in + take) n(食物等的)摄取量
undergraduate (under + graduate) n 本科生
daytime (day + time) n 白天
rainwater (rain + water) n 雨水
naturally-grown (naturally + grown) adj 自然生长的
postcard (post + card) n 明信片
三、转化词
全国I卷
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does.
pound v [名词动词化] 连续重击
We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day.
engineer v [名词动词化] 改变(动植物等的)基因结构
The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms.
light v [名词动词化] 照亮
全国II卷
It was a special time to bond with my children.
bond v [名词动词化](与某人)培养一种特殊的关系
Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
frequent v [形容词动词化] 常去;常到
The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting.
flower v [名词动词化] 开花
全国III卷
Discover the China of “past ages,” its walled cities, temples and mountain scenery with Prof. Robert Thorp.
wall v [名词动词化] 用墙把……围住
The creative team ... and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image(图像).
process v [名词动词化] 处理
And there are questions about the films ... are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
film v [名词动词化](把……)拍成电影
The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.
number v [名词动词化] 总计
They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.
harvest v [名词动词化] 捕猎(动物、鱼等)
浙江卷
To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage.
picture v [名词动词化] 想象;设想
Challenging work that requires ... might help your brain stay sharp as you age.
age v [名词动词化] 变老
My brother, of course, raced off to be with his friends, while I had plenty to do myself.
race v [名词动词化] 快速移动
They’re all memories I treasure today.
treasure v [名词动词化] 珍惜;珍视
I’ve been farming sheep on a hillside for 54 years.
farm v [名词动词化] 饲养
山东卷
Watering young plants in the dry season was tough for a lone boy.
water v [名词动词化] 给(植物)浇水
如果你还不满足于只学不练,别着急,小编为你量身打造了检测小卷,希望你能小试身手,一气呵成。
构词法检测小卷
一、根据所给提示填空。
1. en-( 使 )+ sure → ensure v 确保;保证
2. addition + -al(……的)→ additional adj
3. familiar + -ity(表示具有某种特征的状态 )→ familiarity n
4. transform + -ive(具有……性质的)→ transformative adj
5. physical + -ly → physically adv
6. un-( )+ common → uncommon adj 不常有的;罕见的
7. employ + -ee(被……者)→ employee n
8. harm + -ful(易于……的)→ harmful adj
9. treat + -ment(……的行为)→ treatment n
10. em-( )+ power → empower v 授权;使能够
11. psychology + -ist(从事……的专家)→ psychologist n
12. predict + -or(……物)→ predictor n
13. environmental + -ist(……主义者)→ environmentalist n
14. eco-(生态)+ system → ecosystem n
15. risk + -y(有……特征的)→ risky adj
16. wonder + -ment(……的状况)→ wonderment n
17. soft + -en( )→ soften v 使变温和
18. renew + -al(……行为)→ renewal n
19. taste + -y(有……特征的)→ tasty adj
20. multi-( )+ generation + -al → multigenerational adj 多代的
21. un-( )+ pack → unpack v 打开(盒子、包或手提箱等)取出(物品)
22. speech + -less(无)→ speechless adj
23. milk + -y(多……的)→ milky adj
24. effective + -ness(……的性质或状态)→ effectiveness n
25. guide + -ance(……的行为)→ guidance n
26. popular + -ity(……的状态)→ popularity n
27. meaning + -ful(充满……的)→ meaningful adj
28. machine + -ery(……的群体或集体)→ machinery n
29. dis-(取消)+ qualify + -tion → disqualification n
30. warm + -th(……的性质或状态)→ warmth n
31. report + -age(……行为)→ reportage n
32. viewer + -ship(……的数量)→ viewership n ;观众类型
33. over-(过多)+ weight → overweight adj
34. earth + -en(由……制成的)→ earthen adj
35. time + table → timetable n
36. ground + water → groundwater n
37. life + time → lifetime n
38. on + board → onboard adj
39. fine + art → fine art n
40. high + income → high-income adj
41. self + control → self-control n
42. show + case → showcase v
43. out + come → outcome n
44. foot + step → footstep n
45. in + depth → in-depth adj
46. off + set → off-set adj
47. door + way → doorway n
48. stand + point → standpoint n
49. care + free → carefree adj ;无牵挂的;无责任的
50. house + warming → housewarming n
51. hand + bag → handbag n
52. shop + keeper → shopkeeper n
53. life + like → lifelike adj ;生动的;栩栩如生的
54. master + piece → masterpiece n ;名著;代表作
55. water + fall → waterfall n
56. cure + all → cure-all n万灵药;
57. baby + sit → babysit v
58. left + over → leftover adj
59. life + long → lifelong adj终身的;
60. round + trip → round-trip adj
61. will + power → willpower n
62. well + rounded → well-rounded adj
63. in + take → intake n
64. under + graduate → undergraduate n
65. day + time → daytime n
二、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. He began pounding the keyboard of his computer. ____________________
2. We can’t genetically engineer humans. ____________________
3. The room was lit by one large, central light. ____________________
4. Mothers who are depressed sometimes fail to bond with their children.
____________________
5. We met in a local bar much frequented by students. ____________________
6. When does this plant flower? ____________________
7. Why not visit the beautiful walled city of York? ____________________
8. All university applications are processed through this system.
____________________
9. Most of the scenes were filmed in a studio. ____________________
10. After the hurricane the homeless numbered over 200,000.
____________________
11. We found it hard to picture him as the father of teenage sons.
____________________
12. As he aged, his memory got worse. ____________________
13. He raced into the village on his bike. ____________________
14. Jim treasured the gold pocket watch that his grandfather had given him.
____________________
15. They farm dairy cattle. ____________________
16. Will you water my houseplants while I’m away? ____________________
构词法检测小卷答案
一、
1. 使 2. 额外的 3. 熟悉;亲近 4. 革命性的;变革的 5. 身体上 6. 不 7. 受雇者;雇员 8. 有害的 9. 处理;治疗 10. 使 11. 心理学家 12. 有预测作用的事物 13. 环保主义者 14. 生态系统 15. 冒险的 16. 惊奇;惊喜 17. 使 18. 恢复;更新 19. 美味的 20. 多的 21. 取走 22. 说不出话的 23. 奶制的;像奶的 24. 有效性 25. 指导;引导 26. 受欢迎;普及;流行 27. 有意义的 28. 机器;机械 29. 取消资格 30. 温暖;热情 31. 事件报道 32. 观众人数 33. 超重的 34. 陶制的 35. 时刻表 36. 地下水 37. 一生;终生 38. 在船(或飞机、车)上的 39. 美术(尤指绘画和雕塑) 40. 高收入的 41. 自制力 42. 展示 43. 结果 44. 脚步声;足迹 45. 彻底的;渗入详尽的 46. 在拍摄场外的 47. 门口;门道 48. 观点;立场 49. 无忧无虑的 50. 乔迁聚会 51. 手提包 52. 店主 53. 逼真的 54. 杰作 55. 瀑布 56. 灵丹妙药 57. 代人临时照看小孩 58. 剩余的 59. 毕生的 60. 来回旅程的 61. 意志力 62. 全面的 63.(食物等的)摄取量 64. 本科生 65. 白天
二、
1. 猛敲 2. 改变(动植物等的)基因结构 3. 照亮 4.(与某人)培养一种特殊的关系 5. 常去;常到 6. 开花 7. 有城墙的城市 8. 处理 9.(把……)拍成电影 10. 总计 11. 想象;设想 12. 变老 13. 快速移动 14. 珍惜;珍视 15. 饲养 16. 给(植物)浇水